@article { author = {Hoomani Rad, Marzieh and Sharafi Nafar, Ashkboos}, title = {An Investigation on the Ergonomic Proportion and Spirituality of Daylight in Architecture of Mosques}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {1-13}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {One’s perception of space changes with alterations in light while all other factors remain constant. Also emotions associated with light influence one’s performance. Nowadays, facilitated access to artificial lighting sources, abundance and inexpensive supply of electrical energy has made quantity replace quality. Innovative methods to control daylight are seen in the ancient architecture of Iran and human beings were the main pillars in such models. Ancient architecture which introduced humanism in design, has always been emphasized by Iranians. The knowledge that its attempt is to use the physical structure of human beings as a scheme is called ergonomics science. The science of ergonomics which is also called architectural psychology is categorized into two major classes named macroergonomy and microergonomy. Microergonomy investigates the physical factors in the environment of which light has been considered the most significant one. This research has attempted to examine the qualitative characteristics of light and their influences on satisfaction of the users. Among main objectives of ergonomics in architecture including methods of using light quantity and quality alongside each other for purposes of increasing spatial utility in conformity to needs of users, focusing on providing the spiritual, psychological and applied needs of users in order to reach the greatest amount of satisfaction and performance within space is provided. In this study, two grand mosques from the Saffavid dynasty called the Imam and the Sheikh Lotfollah mosque were selected due to their artistic use of the qualitative characteristics of light in creating a spiritual feeling and then compared to two contemporary mosques in the city of Tehran named Ghoba mosque (light provided from the surface of the dome) and the great mosque of Shahrak-Gharb (light provided from the tholobate of the dome). Contemporary mosques have considered all the principles of mosque architecture except for utilizing natural light. The combination of dome area and altar is considered as the foundation for the divine atmosphere of mosque architecture due to its sanctity and thus an appropriate atmosphere for evaluating the relationship between daylight and spiritualism from the ergonomic approach point of view. For this purpose the global index for ergonomic lighting survey and its analytical software, the ELI calculator were used to present the qualitative information as quantitative data within a 5 dimensional graph (spider web) and table. The charts indicate the minimum required scores for lighting within a specific space. The advantages of this method as compared to the traditional architecture methods is in discovery of the influence of natural light on the general satisfaction of users. The index measures ergonomic factors in architecture such as visual quality, hearing performance, visual relaxation, vivacity and capability. The distribution and collection of questionnaires has been carried out in summer when the sky was clear and light was at its best. The questionnaires were answered by groups of prayers within normal days. Upon completion of these graphic charts, in order to reach a more precise numerical data, questionnaires’ information were transferred into SPSS software data and have been subjected to statistical analysis. Research results indicate that performance enhancement and hearing convenience are achieved through the design offered for rooflights. The phenomenon is achieved through structuring rooflights higher than 2.3 internal altitude and factors relating to their specific design. In all mosques a uniform lighting is observed throughout the year. Serenity and concentration during prayer times are a product of enhanced performance and hearing convenience. Daylight can be a determining factor in the relationships between individuals and act as a stimulus for the visitor to indulge in praying; its quality reflecting one’s satisfaction throughout prayer. Ergonomic indices are presented in two groups. Factors such as visual quality (A) and hearing convenience (C) study quantity of light and are related to quantitative aspects of light. Perspective (B) and environmental vivacity (D) investigate lighting quality. Ancient and contemporary mosque architects have paid attention to the quantitative factors of lighting and no significant statistical difference is observed between them; yet their only difference is in applying qualitative factors of ergonomic lighting. Architects of ancient mosques have conformed to the standards offered for quality of ergonomic lighting and in certain instances have even gone beyond those standards, yet negligence of contemporary architects is visible. The corridors of the Sheikh Lotfollah and Imam Mosque are beyond standard limits offered for ergonomic lighting. The mere application of minimum standards for accessing daylight (spiritualism purposes) is not adequate. Unfortunately in the majority of contemporary structures methods that can enhance the spiritualism of mosques have been ignored. The importance of utilizing uniform lighting in design is continually increased while light is not merely illuminated and what is superior is its ability in creating spiritualism within light. Finally it should be mentioned that the science of ergonomics as introduced by western researchers in 2010 had been presenting itself in mentality and designs of ancient Iranian architects and ergonomics could be named as the native knowledge of Iran. }, keywords = {Ergonomics,Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Daylight,Ancient Mosques,Contemporary Mosques}, title_fa = {کندوکاوی در نسبتِ ارگونومی و معنویت بخشی نور روز در معماری مساجد}, abstract_fa = {ادراک انسان از فضا با تغییر روشنایی در عین ثابت بودن سایر عوامل تغییر می کند و احساس ناشی از آن بر عملکرد فرد تأثیر دارد؛ اما در دوران معاصر دسترسی راحت به منابع روشنایی مصنوعی و عرضه ی فراوان و ارزان انرژی الکتریکی کمیت را جایگزین کیفیت نموده است. شیوه های کنترل نور روز در جهت افزایش بهره وری فرد از فضا به شیوه ی خلاقانه ای در معماری تاریخی ایران به کار رفته و انسان رکن اصلی این طراحی محسوب می شود. دانشی که امروزه به تطبیق دادن محیط با شرایط و ساختار فیزیکی انسان می پردازد، ارگونومی نام دارد.  میکروارگونومی زیرمجموعه ی ارگونومی به بررسی عوامل فیزیکی محیط می پردازد که روشنایی بخش مهمی از آن تلقی می شود. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی چگونگی تأثیرات کیفی و کمی نور روز بر رضایت فرد حین عبادت دو مسجد والا از عصر صفویه، مسجد امام و مسجد شیخ لطف الله را به دلیل کاربرد هنرمندانه ی ویژگی های کیفی نور در جهت ایجاد احساس معنویت در فرد انتخاب نموده و با دو مسجد معاصر، مسجد قبا و مسجد جامع شهرک غرب مقایسه کرده است. بدین منظور از پرسشنامه ی شاخص جهانی روشنایی ارگونومیکی و نرم افزار تحلیل گر آن SPSS و ELI-calculator استفاده شده تا اطلاعات کیفی به داده های کمی تبدیل شود. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که بهبود عملکرد و آسایش بصری از طریق طراحی نورگیرها میسر می شود. نور روز می تواند عاملی تعیین کننده در میزان روابط افراد و تحریک کننده ی حسّ کاربر برای عبادت باشد و چگونگی آن رضایت فرد را حین عبادت رقم می زند. در نهایت باید گفت دانشی که محققان غرب با عنوان ارگونومی فضایی در سال 2010 در جهان پایه گذاری نمودند، بیش از چهارصد سال پیش در تفکرات و طراحی های معماران قدیم ایرانی ظهور عینی یافته و می توان ارگونومی را دانش بومی سرزمین ایران نام نهاد.}, keywords_fa = {ارگونومی,ویژگی های کمی و کیفی نور روز,مساجد تاریخی,مساجد معاصر}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39281.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39281_1cb0f76ac58bf35d1d2ed1d37a7f0720.pdf} } @article { author = {Tahbaz, Mansoureh and HoomaniRad, Marzieh and Tamleh, Hosna}, title = {An Introduction to the Measuring Light Quality Method (HDR Photography) Using Daylight Technique Approach to Create Spatial Spiritualism in Sheikh Lotfollah and Imam Mosques in Isfahan}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {15-26}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Architecture, like other forms of art, contains physical and spiritual aspects which has been designed and structured in response to spiritual and material needs. Historical architects have applied various tools in spatial design, in order to facilitate the relationship between creator and the creation. They have used light, as a symbol for divine unity, to illustratea manifestation of divine substance in the mind of observer. Presence of light does not merely represent brightness but rather it contains attributes which has been performed in the sublime within Iranian historical architecture and a review of its techniques can certainly act as guide for designing. The method of applying these alternatives requires adaptation of new techniques which is possible with the advancement of software and light evaluation tools. The present article used the latest technique, HDR photography, to calculate and present the existing intensity of light within a structure and to discover light techniques in creating spiritualism in space. The method uses its own specialized software, Photosphere, to theorize qualitative issues and transform them into numerical data. To obtain accurate information regarding current brightness of the structure, a digital tool called the luminescence meter was used as well as a professional photographing camera. June 26 and 27, were selected for this research due to the intense sunlight and clear sky of summer. Photography and collection of information regarding the structure were performed three times daily at 9 in the morning, 12 noon, and 3 in the afternoon. Selection of the most popular visiting points were made according to the times that observers pondered in each site and spatial perception was based on the space between the entrance to the hallway and the dome area. These points included 4 in the Imam mosque and 6 in Sheikh Lotfollah mosque. Measurements of brightness were made using the luminescence tool in 140 centimeters height (the average sight range for a standing person) and 60 centimeters (average sight range for a person sitting while praying). Photography was performed within 5 stages in each point through manually adjusting the professional camera in total brightness until absolute darkness. Images have been transformed into smart HDR images using photosphere software. HDR images are able to offer actual spatial brightness and to evaluate qualitative characteristics of light (light dispersion, direction and angle, brightness and dazzlement). The present article has selected these historical mosques, which display the characteristics of natural light designs in creating a spiritual space. Combination of the dome area and altar is the foundation for creating a spiritual space due to its sanctity, thus considered as an appropriate place for evaluating the relationship of daylight and spatial spiritualism. Results indicate that architects have applied capabilities of light to act as a divine messenger in mosques: light representing divine manifestation, spatial diversity and continuity, transfer of divine emotions sense, guiding one through the path,  emphasizing special  places are among the objectives achieved by natural light. Presence of light in space, accordingly, is not merely on basis of lighting but rather its entrance into architecture defines its creation of quality. Thus to create a spiritual atmosphere, one must not suffice to quantitative factors, as qualitative aspects play a more determining role. Light, is a principle beyond time and space that by having different ideas, can be presented in various methods at any place. When designing the dome area in the mosque, the altar is the main objective and the sublime goal in designing the supervisory space at all hours is emphasized by light. The main criterion for quality of light in designing a spiritual space is through controlling direction and angle of light in order to emphasize space, direction or a specific point which, from the entrance, focuses the mind of the observer towards Kiblah and God. On the other hand, the brightness of space influences one’s needs and activities. The dimly lit space of the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque with brightness of less than 100 lux invites one to a private encounter with God, while the bright space of the dome in the Imam Mosque with a 900 lux brightness provides the grounds for group activities. Spatial variety based on light in Imam Mosque has prompted visitors to select their desired space based on their need for personal or group prayer. Space resiliency based on brightness is among other deliberated and wise points considered in architecture of Imam Mosque. In order to provide a better understanding of spiritual space within the mosque, factors such as light, time, and movement have come together with architecture to coordinate one’sperspective and cognition with space within the corridor. Both mosques provide the same function yet with two separate approaches based on different needs, in applying same model of natural light to reflect the same fact.}, keywords = {HDR Photography,Spiritual Space,Quality of Daylight,Imam Mosque,Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque}, title_fa = {معرفی شیوه ی سنجش کیفیت روشنایی (عکاسی HDR) با رویکرد کشف شگردهای نور روز در معنویت بخشی به فضا در مسجد شیخ لطف الله و مسجد امام اصفهان}, abstract_fa = {معماران تاریخی در طراحی فضا برای سهولت ایجاد رابطه بین خالق و مخلوق از ابزارهای مختلفی بهره گرفته اند؛ آن ها با به کارگیری نور، نماد وحدت الهی، سعی داشتند تا جلوه ای از ذات الهی را در ذهن بیننده به تصویر بکشند. به سبب جایگاه ارزشمند نور در باور ایرانی و رابطه ی مستقیم آن با قلمروی حکمت و فلسفه کامل ترین بازخوانی می تواند بر روی فضاهای نیایشی انجام شود. درنتیجه بهترین گزینه برای بررسی نسبت نور و ایجاد فضای معنوی مساجد تاریخی هستند که در دوره ی صفویه با کیفیتی والا دیده می شود. به همین دلیل مساجد عصر صفویه در اصفهان، مسجد شیخ لطف الله و مسجد امام که ویژگی طراحی نور طبیعی در ایجاد فضای معنوی در آن ها شاخص بوده، انتخاب گردیده است. مقاله ی حاضر با معرفی روش عکاسی HDR و به کارگیری آن در بررسی شگردهای نور در معنویت بخشی به فضا به بررسی جنبه های کیفی فضای مساجد مذکور از منظر نور طبیعی می پردازد. این روش و تحلیل آن توسط نرم افزار فتوسفیر می تواند چگونگی توزیع نور، جهت و زاویه نور، درخشندگی و خیرگی نور که از خصوصیات کیفی نور به شمار می روند، مورد بررسی قرار دهد. هدف، بررسی فاکتور کیفی معنویت در فضای مسجد توسط جدیدترین روش سنجش کیفی روشنایی می باشد. این ابزار امکان تئوریزه کردن مفاهیم کیفی در قالب ساختاری مشخص و داده های کمی را فراهم می سازد. بررسی ویژگی کیفیت نور مورد نیاز برای ایجاد فضای معنوی مساجد و رابطه ی آن با کمیت نور روز از اهداف اختصاصی مقاله حاضر به شمار می رود. می توان از اهم نتایج تحقیق حاضر به نور و زمان: ابزارِ هماهنگی، رابطه ی محراب و فعالیت با نور طبیعی اشاره کرد. نتایج نهایی نشان می دهد هر دو مسجد با کاربری یکسان اما با دو رویکرد بر حسب نیازهای جداگانه از یک الگوی واحد به کارگیری نور طبیعی برای نشان دادن حقیقتی یکسان تبعیت می کنند. }, keywords_fa = {عکاسی HDR,فضای معنوی,کیفیت نور طبیعی,مسجد امام,مسجد شیخ لطف الله}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39287.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39287_0c4f57939e0cc48d1be6b1cf26d3a6bd.pdf} } @article { author = {MohammadGholipour, Maryam and AkbariBaseri, Ghodsieh}, title = {The Design of the Tri-Color Order of Iranian Architecture in Safavid Era according to Three Gunas Theory of Intuitive Theosophy of India}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {35-52}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {In the opinion of the color experts, the theory of colors and light, which are based onthe allegation of color principles and visual values, cannot be used in arts, as it should. As Dr.Habibollah Ayatollahi believes, the color theories in which the primary colors are red, yellow and blue and the secondary colors are resulted from the two by two mixture of these components, are false. He agrees with the opinion of experts who do not pay heed to the basic theories and believes that color should be analyzed by how light reflects from the objects according to the structure of eyes and the phenomena of seeing. He believes in that, because these experts do not mistake the matter of material allegation with color principles with the fact of color lights and their mixture in sight and mind which is the basis of all creations, inventions and innovations of human beings till now. The professionals acknowledge them as two distinguished matters and do not pay attention to the unfounded and old theories except for those about physics’ laws of light or the nature of it, and they consider the belief in three primary colors of red, blue and yellow as a blind dogma. Thus the present article is about the color system of the primary colors in Iranian architecture that has been extracted from the study “Therapeutical aspects of the mystical status of color in Iranian holy architecture”. In this research, which is a qualitative phenomenologicalstudy, the researcher seeks about the characteristics of the color system in the Iranian holly architecture of the Safavid era in Isfahan and has gathered data using the two methods of interview and gathering the opinion of the ancients and decoding them. In this research 162 visitors of three colorful establishments of the Safavid era; Haronieyh Shrine, ChehelSotoon Palace-Garden and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in the city of Isfahan were interviewed. These people were exposed to questions in absence of any kind of pre-information about the test in order to avoid side taking and omitting the effects of the attention caused by the researcher in feelings they might get from the buildings. By the first stage, the test was oral and done at the places and at their presence. At the second stage 73 of the visitors who had been exposed to colorful pictures participated in a test about color perception of these three establishments and answered questions. The written questions where set by the researcher (researcher designed test) with regard to the history of the study and the results of the oral test by the care of a healer master and a neurologist. In the end the participants considered the color perception of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque as blue and a duality of blue and yellow and soil blue and they believed that it is been the cause of serenity and immortality, silence and perception and a personal solitude this building creates. In ChehelSotoon Palace-Garden they supposed that the main color is crimson. Some considered it as a cause for joy and others called it cause of interaction and happiness which it brings. It had caused a feeling of tumult and confusion in some, however they considered the garden and water effective in nulling the confusion. The pilgrims of the Haronieyh Shrine explained the green light coming through the central shrine as a feeling of holiness and respect. They also noted the safety and peace they had felt and considered as the reason of their continuous pilgrimage. In the next stage the results that showed a trinary color system of blue, green and red were compared to the theory of Three Gunas, which is related to Hindu doctrine. In this doctrine Three Gunas (Sattva, Rajas, Tamas) are the primary necessities of all the stages of creation or it can be said any creature partakes in different levels of these Three Gunas. Sattva shows the brilliant qualities and celestial desires; Rajas is the characteristic of extended horizontal progress and Tamas is dark and heavy and causes neglecting and lethargy and in words of necessity dominates night over day and in material dimensionensures the rules of gravity. Sattva is white, Rajas is red and Tamas is black and this description is instructive. The Tri-Color has been designed with regard to the Three Gunas of Hindu doctrine. In other words the aim of this article is to introduce a new color system to add to 59 other systems that have been registered in the modern era from the ancienttimes.}, keywords = {Color Perception,Trinary Color System,Three Gunas,Iranian architecture}, title_fa = {ترسیم نظام سه رنگه معماری ایرانی در اصفهان عصر صفوی بر مبنای تئوری سه گونای عرفان شهودی هند}, abstract_fa = {این نوشتار درباره سیستم رنگی در معماری ایرانی است که از پژوهش "درمانگری مقامات رمزی رنگ در معماری مقدس ایران برای تدوین چهارچوب درمانگری رنگ در معماری" استخراج شده است. در این پژوهش که به صورت کیفی و با روش پدیدارشناسانه انجام شده است از حدود ۲۰۰ نفر مصاحبه انجام شده است. بعد از بازدیدِ بازدیدکنندگان از سه بنای اصفهان دوره صفوی، کاخ باغ چهلستون، مسجد شیخ لطف الله و بقعه هارونیه یک سؤال از آنان پرسیده شده مبنی بر ادراک رنگی که از بنا داشته اند که پاسخ آن ها توسط یک روان درمانگر و یک عصب شناس بررسی شده است. در گام بعد نتایج به دست آمده از مصاحبه ها که یک سیستم سه رنگه آبی، سبز، قرمز را معرفی می کرد، مقایسه شده است با تئوری سه گونا که مربوط می شود به دکترین هندو. سه گونا (ستوه، رجس، تمس) در آیین هندو از لوازم واجب و اولیه تمام سطوح مختلف آفرینش است. نهایتاً نمودار سه رنگه بر مبنای تئوری سه گونای هندو ترسیم شده است. در واقع، هدف از این نوشتار معرفی یک نظام (سیستم) جدید رنگی است که اضافه شود به ۵۹ سیستم رنگی که از دوران عتیق تا دوران مدرن ثبت شده اند. }, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39298.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39298_c7505c918bb6bf44d299b47587971160.pdf} } @article { author = {Ganji Kheybari, Abolfazl and Diba, Darab and Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad and Shahcheraghi, Azadeh}, title = {Algorithmic Design of “Palekane” in order to Increase Efficiency of Daylight in Buildings}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {35-52}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Traditionally, because of the very influential role of light to create sacred space in buildings and make it comfortable for occupants visually and thermally, designing an opening as light catcher to control and modify the amount of light, has been a crucial issue. Palekane (also called Mashrabiya or Shanasheel) is the Persian term given to an Islamic type of oriel window made with wood latticework, located on the second storey of a building or higher, often adorned with stained glass. This component of traditional Islamic architecture with an openable wooden screen gives shade and protection from the hot summer sun while allowing the cool air from the street to flow through. Palekane also provides protection and shade for the ground floor windows that are flat and usually unprotected. Moreover, throughout history, geometric patterns had an important role in historic Islamic architecture of Iran. Today we have exclusive ability to understand ornamental styles of the past, to recreate new performative styles. Altering geometric patterns for latticework is always very effective on its overall lighting and shading performance. This provides a significant amount of light entering the room without causing it to be annoying. Through algorithmic development of Islamic geometry, the advantages of golden-ages of Iranian architecture can be brought out from dark side of history to modern digital architecture. Nowadays, digital technology such as the advances in computer software, opens up possibilities to the emergence of performance-oriented architectural design. In this approach, the focus of all decisions is on demand of requirements and on required performance in use. According to what architect and theoretician Rivka Oxman defined, performance-oriented design can be considered as a process of formation that is driven by a desired performance. Performance-oriented models of design, utilize digital technologies that support the generation of form resulting from design performance. In addition, based on Branko Kolarevic’s description in the book “Performative Architecture: Beyond Instrumentality”, about the inadequacy of existing analytical CAD software in conceptual design, and the development of software that can provide dynamic processes of formation based on specific performance objectives, performance can be defined as a formation technique or a generative process the variants of which are parametrically defined by the problem conditions, site, program, etc.  In performance-oriented design the object is generated by simulating its environmental (or structural) performance. The final form is the exact result of desired performance, or behaviour, of a design object. In this article, based on performance-oriented design approach and through an algorithmic development, some geometric patterns of latticework shade are generated in Grasshopper (the generative modelling plugin of Rhino) based on Hankin & Lee’s method. Usage of this method, makes it possible to control the porosity and penetration of latticework by altering contact angles (θ) in star shape Islamic pattern as the main parameter. Then the specific shape of Palekane (applied in Abyane, Iran), is modelled in Ecotect (as daylight simulation software) for a hypothetical building to analyse the amount of solar radiation and shading on each face of building and manipulate Cellular Method for Optimal Shading  to evaluate the effect of geometric pattern of each latticework shade. Cellular Method for Optimal Shading is an innovative approach developed by architect Dr. Eran Kaftan at the University of Arizona in 2001. This method offers calculating an optimal shading form, accounting for both needs of summer solar protection and winter solar gain. As a result, it provides better thermal comfort and maximum annual energy conservation in cooling and heating. Ecotect can generate Mapping of Shading Importance for any location in the world, any opening configurations, and any preferred period (such as year, season, month, etc.). The mapping indicates, for these particular settings, the optimal form of shading appliances (such as shading device, overhang, etc.). Consequently, setting appropriate relation between contact angles (θ) as main parame eter for base geometric pattern of latticework and resultant value of Peak Incident (w/m2) and Shading Importance (Obstruction/Penetration) on each cell, leads to the calculated performative shading pattern which usually have unique and interesting geometry. Such forms are not only enriching the building façade with motifs of Islamic architecture, but also correspond the best to specific environmental conditions in hot areas. Finally, the topic is exemplified with design of specific Palekane on west wall of a hypothetical building in Tehran.}, keywords = {Palekane,Daylight Simulation,Algorithmic Design,Performance-oriented Design,Geometric Pattern}, title_fa = {طراحی الگوریتمیک "پالکانه" برای افزایش بهره مندی از نور روز در ساختمان}, abstract_fa = {با توجه به اهمیت نقش و مفهوم نور در معماری سنتی ایران، همواره شاهد بهره مندی از آن به بهترین نحو با به کارگیری انواع عناصر تلطیف کننده نور بوده ایم. "پالکانه" به عنوان یکی از این عناصر ارزشمند در معماری سنتی، به عنوان پنجره ای پیش آمده همراه با نقوش گوناگون گره سازى و شیشه های رنگین می تواند ضمن تأمین بیشترین میزان نورگیری، به عنوان یک تلطیف کننده به نحوی طراحی شود که اثرات ناخواسته ای چون افزایش حرارت دریافتی را برای فصول گرم به خوبی کنترل نماید. در این مقاله از طریق روش های الگوریتمیک رایانه ای و به کمک نتایج به دست آمده از ارزیابی های مختلف در نرم افزار شبیه سازی اکوتکت به ارائه شیوه ای از طراحی کارایی محور "پالکانه" برای جهات مختلف ساختمانی فرضی در شهر تهران می پردازیم که ضمن احیای یکی از عناصر ارزشمند معماری سنتی، افزایش بهره مندی از نور روز در ساختمان را موجب می شود.}, keywords_fa = {پالکانه,شبیه سازی نور روز,طراحی الگوریتمیک,طراحی کارایی محور,نقوش هندسی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39305.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39305_6474c6c97b35674314f99f744a694497.pdf} } @article { author = {Kazemzadeh, Marzieh and Ghobadian, Vahid and Tahbaz, Mansureh}, title = {Atrium and Daylight Performance in Office Buildings: Effect of Atrium’s Roof Shape on Daylight Reception}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {53-61}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {The first step in evaluating the visual performance and energy efficiency provided by daylight, requires an accurate estimation of the amount of daylight entering a building. The atrium concept allows the exploitation of daylight by bringing natural light into the center of the buildings, thus enhancing even a more distribution of daylight. Daylight reception through an atrium is particularly beneficial as the atrium can bring natural light to reach potentially dark core areas and decreases energy consumption by reducing artificial lighting use. The performance of an atrium is dependent on many factors including the fenestration type, the atrium roof structure, the well geometry and the predominant sky conditions. Researches on the effects of environmental atrium performance and adjacent spaces started in 1980. These researches were mostly aimed at tackling the problems caused as a result of attempting to provide lighting and heating performance in different climates. Obviously, the lighting performance in an atrium is complicated and depends on its geometry, wall characteristics, floor surfaces, roof nature, and its glazing. Although these works described an experimental study on the effect of atria roof forms under real sky conditions, only one type of fenestration system was considered and study focused on temperate regions. Indeed, these studies recommended further analysis on several variations of roof structures and roof glazing and their impact on the distribution of daylight. The present study evaluates the effects of atrium roof shape on the investigation luminance level in office buildings located in hot and dry climates. According to the history of atrium and the turn of its concept to central courtyard, the atrium-based model was conceptualized after studying the proportions of central courtyards in traditional houses of Kerman, and the proportion was tested for conventional stories of 2- to 3-storeys office buildings having an atrium; the storeys were supposed to be 3 meters high. The goal was to study the geometrical parameters and roof shape on the amount of daylight gain in the internal space of atrium. The evaluation of the effect of atrium roof type includes the consideration of three roof types, called plane roof with top lit atrium, pitched roof (a 50-meter high roof of 20-degrees angle), and southward oblique saw tooth roof. It should be noted that pitched roof is one of the common roof types for atriums constructed in Kerman, with the largest glazing surface. All of the atrium models were modeled in Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011 and the effect of the shape of the three common roof types along with the effect of the height of the building on the interior lighting condition was evaluated using Radiance software, in order to improve the condition of the interior lighting. In this study clear sky component were used for the simulation of our models. All the research analyses have been done based on the models comparison through the  computational simulations. The results show that roof’s shape has a considerable effect on the amount of light entering into the office building storeys. Therefore, for a square skylight, the luminance level decreases exponentially with decreasing atrium index. The effect of the extent of glazing is another point studied in this study. The results show that the extent of glazing and the change in the shape of skylight roof has a remarkable effect on interior light distribution in three and four-storey atriums. Another parameter evaluated in the present research is the quality of lighting provided by different models; among the atriums with various atrium well index, the atrium with a well index (WI) of about 1 and section atrium ratio (SAR) of 1 has the most favorable condition in all atriums with different roofs. Overall, it can be concluded that the climate condition of Kerman and the amount of daylight in the city show that the best model for atrium roof for the city is the saw tooth one because in spite of the five times decline in the total lighting of the building in comparison to pitched atrium roofs, its use results in an enough lighting equal to 88.9 percent (the amount of lighting in the range of 300-99 lux) into the building. It also prevents the glare (direct sunlight) into the atrium space. The efficiency of this roof, especially in warm days of year which is a 7- to 8-month period for Kerman, has particular importance. Therefore, based on the studies conducted in the present research and according to the working hours of office buildings in Kerman (7:30 to 15 o’clock) it can be concluded that the pitched roof model with a height of equivalent to 4 storeys sufficiently lightens the interior spaces of the building and decreases the glare problem and the outcomes of heat gain inside the building due to the fact that it has only 42.5 percent glazing surface.}, keywords = {Atrium’s Roof Shape,Daylighting,Office Buildings,Radiance Simulation}, title_fa = {آتریوم و روشنایی فضای داخلی ساختمان های اداری (بررسی تأثیر فرم سقف آتریوم بر دریافت روشنایی داخلی)}, abstract_fa = {امروزه یکی از اساسی ترین موضوعات در معماری مدرن، تأمین روشنایی فضاهای اداری توسط روشنایی روز می باشد. بررسی های انجام شده بیانگر این مسئله است که استفاده از بازشوهای سقفی، به ویژه ایده ی استفاده از آتریوم برای بهره مندی از نور طبیعی، نه تنها باعث افزایش روشنایی داخلی می شود، بلکه در کاهش مصرف انرژی ساختمان نیز مؤثر است. مقاله ی حاضر در پی بررسی تأثیر نوع و شکل سقف آتریوم بر میزان دریافت روشنایی داخلی ساختمان های اداری واقع در اقلیم گرم و خشک می باشد. با توجه به سابقه ی تاریخی آتریوم و بازگشت ایده ی آن به حیاط مرکزی، برای انجام این تحقیق ابتدا بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده بر روی خانه های سنتی شهر کرمان و به دست آوردن تناسبات حیاط مرکزی این شهر، تناسبات آتریوم مدل به دست آمد؛ سپس به کمک نرم افزار شبیه ساز ریدینس تأثیر شکل سقف سه نمونه ی متداول آتریوم و تغییر ارتفاع ساختمان که به عنوان متغیرهای اصلی این تحقیق در نظر گرفته شده اند را بر شرایط روشنایی داخلی آن در جهت بهبود وضع دریافت روشنایی داخلی مورد آزمایش قرار می دهد. در این تحقیق شرایط آسمان آفتابی برای شرایط شبیه سازی در نظر گرفته شده و سپس نتایج به دست آمده از شبیه سازی با هم مقایسه و تجزیه و تحلیل می شود.}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39334.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39334_4a9d2ac8147f76d59de4796b8533a78f.pdf} } @article { author = {Salimian Rizi, Mohammad and Khalili, Maryam and Paknejad, Farzaneh}, title = {The Effect of Context-aware Lighting in Primary Schools Using User-centred Design}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {63-72}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Lighting design for educational places, especially primary schools, is considered as one of the most important effective factors in learning. Applying practical indicators along with aesthetical principles in designing educational environments will intrigue the creativity of learners as well as realizing their physical and spiritual needs. One of the most important indicators in definition of a desired environment is appropriate lighting (both natural and artificial). The combination of natural and artificial light helps us to achieve the best standard with regard to the place occupancy. According to the operational plan of the Ministry of Education in line with the government’s 5th Developmental Plan, all schools throughout the country must be included in one of the five intellectualism stages till the end of 1394. Intellectualism of schools make it possible for designers to benefit this opportunity and renew the role of lighting in environments by studying the advantages of natural lighting and optimizing the artificial lighting. On the other hand, the study of lighting systems and products show that great progress has been made in the fields of lighting design and technology in recent years. Nowadays, the interaction between light and intellectualized technology can be realized in different ways. For example, the staircases which become bright when walking on them or the lamps which turn off or on when getting close/away towards them, or the screens that change color when touching them. Other examples of lighting systems are interactional mirrors which produce different images depending on the images reflected on them. These screens are examples of intelligence designing. Designers can improve the conditions for children by using context-aware lighting systems in their environments. These are smart systems with the ability of measuring time and temperature and even identifying user’s identity. The invention of high lighting tricolor CDVs, DLP micro projectors, and inexpensive cameras, make lighting technologies more intellectualized than before. Nevertheless most of the time these extensive technologies are not used as they must be. Today’s available lighting resources are mostly static or their responses to the environment is so limited. Actually todays lighting technologies do not response to environmental stimulators and users perceptions. Furthermore, the lighting ability for information transformation is not utilized. This is while a lighting source can transfer the information as a text or a complicated video cam. Designers can improve conditions of educational place for children by using the ability of context-aware and intellectualize systems in time, user`s temperature and even user`s identity perception. Considering the government`s perspective for school intellectualism and replacing teacher oriented educational system by student oriented one, improving the educational environment to benefit of the students i.e. increasing students` participant in individual and group activities and stimulating their creativity seems quite necessary. Therefore, the aim of this paper is the study of a new lighting system in intellectualized schools with the ability to recognize and analyze the environmental stimulators and interact with users and receive and percept their spiritual and material needs and then to identify lighting requirements and produce and reflect the needed light in the environment. This new approach is introduced and analyzed in this descriptive-analytical paper. In the descriptive section of the paper the context-aware systems and their usage is mentioned. In the analytical section the practical schemes of these systems and their effects on primary school students is studied. The method is user oriented and both teachers and students have participated in the research procedure but the results are on the basis of students` performance as our main focuses. A context-aware interface for lighting a workshop room was designed according to the user-oriented design principles. Thirty children were experimented subjects in order to evaluate their feelings and their efficiency after imposing the changes. Results show that children feel better in context-aware lighting atmosphere and consequently learning conditions improve. }, keywords = {Context-aware System,User-centered Design,Primary School Students,Lighting}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر نورپردازی آگاه از زمینه در فضای دبستان با بهره مندی از طراحی کاربرمحور}, abstract_fa = {مقوله ی نورپردازی در مکان های آموزشی، به ویژه در مقطع دبستان، به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر یادگیری کودک قابل توجه است. طراحان می توانند با استفاده از سیستم آگاه از زمینه در نورپردازی چنین فضاهایی به کمک توانایی سیستم های هوشمند در ادراک و عمل با قابلیت سنجش زمان، درجه حرارت و حتی هویت کاربر شرایط را برای کودکان بهبود بخشند؛ برای این منظور واسط کاربری آگاه از متن برای نورپردازی فضای یک کلاس کارگاهی با توجه به اصول طراحی کاربرمحور طراحی گردید و 30 کودک به صورت نمونه ی در دسترس در شرایط مختلف مورد آزمایش و پرسش قرارگرفتند تا احساس و بازده کاری آن ها در مورد تغییرات شکل گرفته مشخص شود. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده می توان مشاهده کرد که کودکان در فضای نوری آگاه از زمینه احساس بهتری دارند و ارتقاء این احساس منجر به افزایش شرایط مطلوب جهت آموزش می گردد.}, keywords_fa = {سیستم آگاه از زمینه,طراحی کاربرمحور,کودک دبستانی,نورپردازی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39336.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39336_b81cdea8c92c617e6e4c34ca9e8e90c8.pdf} } @article { author = {Miri, Majid and Kompani Saeed, Mohsen}, title = {A New Method for Achieving Daylight in Working Spaces by Finding the Efficient Type and Size of Windows, Shading Systems and Depth of Rooms}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {73-89}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {By having daylighting in mind through a building design process rather than end of it, achieving a more sustainable space is much easier and feasible. Since many people spend an important amount of their lives at their working spaces, accessing enough natural light together with satisfying view are essential for their physiological and psychological health. Moreover as a daylighted space has a good potential to increase employees’ performance and productivity, it can benefit both its owner and its occupants. Now, the question is what factors constitutes a well daylighted space. To balance occupant comfort and energy consumption, daylight availability in such spaces should neither be too low nor excessive. The conventional definition for a well daylighted space is based on the IES recommendations (Andersen M, et. al. 2012, p. 3). Any spaces that comply with it should have yearly enough access to daylight. To evaluate any space, this guideline asks to calculate both Special Daylight Autonomy (sDA300/50%) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE1000/250h). However, in this paper, we create another new definition for a daylighted space which is called useful daylighting. It is applicable when we want to see if the space has enough access to useful daylight in a year or not. As its name is suggested based on calculating sUDI100-2000/50%. In both daylighted definitions, to define any areas as daylighted, at least 75% of all the regularly occupied space of it should have minimum UDI100-2000 or DA300 of 50%. Additionally for a well daylighted space, the maximum acceptable value for ASE1000/250h is 10%. In this paper, at first we define a working space that its dimension and windows to wall ratios (WWR) are taken from the reference office definition recommended by Christoph Reinhart and his colleagues in 2013 (Reinhart, et. al 2013). Then, to solve the issues of excessive sunlight entering the interiors, two methods are suggested. The former is to use horizontal or vertical + horizontal outside shading systems, while the latter is to exclude part of task area facing too much sunlight during a year. Therefore by analyzing ASE1000/250h ≤ 10% for four main geographical room orientations (East, West, North and South) and for each WWR we can define an effective type and size of a shading system or an efficient distance that task area should be away from the window walls. Then by calculating Special Useful Daylight Illuminance (sUDI100-2000/50% ≥ 75%) for each WWRs and room orientations we can find out the optimum WWR when we want to define the room to have useful daylighting. After that, regarding recommendations for a well daylighted space, we need to find the efficient and acceptable depth for rooms. To do so, a new metrics that is called Average Daylight Autonomy is created here. It is defined as the average of DA300 for all points on the task surface grid having the same distance from the window wall. In the next step by calculating aDA300 of each distance from the window wall, we can find the border line between aDA300 ≥ 50% and aDA300 < 50% or in other word between daylit and not-daylit space. The distance of this border line from the window wall is the efficient depth of the room. However as it is already discussed any daylighted space needs to have DA300/50% more than 75%, therefore to find the acceptable depth for rooms we can multiply the efficient depth of room by 1.3333 (=100/75). So in the end of this part for each room, we can define the optimum WWR and room’s length. Thereafter, to make the final decision about which solution (using shadings or excluding task areas) is the best, we can calculate the number of hours per year that the shading system restricts entering sunlight into the space. Hence, the solution that has less number of closing hours is the winner. In the end, it is worth to say that considering enough access to natural light is just one of the requirements to design a successful and high quality space, while other concerns like aesthetics of the space, improving health, happiness and comfort of their occupants, reduction in energy consuming and excessive heating or cooling loads, decreasing noise problems, occupants behaviors, etc. should be taken into account. Finally, as a conclusion, the main and final goal of this paper is to define a good method for finding the efficient dimension of different rooms, types and sizes of shading systems, and interior layouts for any types of buildings.}, keywords = {Office Spaces,Windows’ Dimensions,Efficient Length of Rooms,Shading Systems,Daylighting}, title_fa = {طراحی فرآیندی جهت نیل به روشنایی طبیعی مناسب برای یک فضای کاری اداری در شهر تهران از طریق محاسبه ابعاد بهینه ی پنجره، سایبان و عمق مفید اتاق}, abstract_fa = {استفاده ی صحیح از نور روز، استفاده ی صحیح از منبع رایگان انرژی است. توجه به کیفیت و کمیت نور روز، به ویژه در مراحل اولیه ی طراحی معماری بسیار حائز اهمیت است چرا که منجر به خلق فضایی با مصرف انرژی کمتر و کیفیت بالاتر شده و همزمان سلامت روحی و جسمی ساکنین را نیز تضمین می نماید. در ساختمان های تجاری، اداری و صنعتی نیز توجه به این مقوله، امکان افزایش بازدهی کارکنان را فراهم می آورد. از آنجائی که ذخیره ی انرژی خورشیدی دریافتی در فضای داخل و امکان استفاده از آن در دیگر ساعات روز به سادگی و بدون صرف هزینه امکا نپذیر نمی باشد، حداکثر استفاده ی صحیح از نور روز می بایستی در همان مراحل اولیه ی طراحی، مدّ نظر طراحان و مهندسان قرار گیرد. در این مقاله ابتدا با لحاظ یک اتاق اداری نمونه در شهر تهران با جهت گیری در چهار جهت اصلی شمال، جنوب، شرق و غرب محاسبات لازم به منظور تعیین شکل و ابعاد بهینه ی پنجره ها، طول مفید اتاق و نیز نوع و ابعاد سایبان انجام پذیرفته و سپس در پایان فلوچارتی ارائه شده است که مراحل انجام کار را قدم به قدم شرح داده و طراحان و مهندسان را در ایجاد بنایی با روشنایی طبیعی مفید و مطلوب یاری نماید.}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39340.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39340_01eacb053979b2f0257b0598d3a8b7db.pdf} } @article { author = {Motazedian, Fahimeh and Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad}, title = {Light Shelves’ Typology and their Characteristics}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {91-103}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Daylight is an essential resource that is readily available and unlikely to run out through an unforeseeable future. Lighting affects the appearance of a place, its occupants’ mood and productivity level. Daylighting is chosen to save energy, avoid adverse health effects of over-illumination by artificial lights, and also for aesthetics matters. By careful usage of natural light and the appropriate control of electric light, saving important energies can be achieved. Daylight presence in buildings is vital for people, therefore daylighting should respond to their visual and perceptual needs. Visual  comfort  is  multidimensional; it  is  not  sufficient  to  simply  provide  adequate illumination  levels. Visual perception is the most developed sense of ours so for its comfort, glare must be controlled and patterns of contrast should be appropriate. Many innovative daylight devices have been invented that have different functions, such as light guiding, light transport and light diffracting systems. Light shelf is a direct light guiding system that is attached to a window. Light guiding systems refract and reflect sunlight to deeper parts of a place. Light shelf is considered as one of the most efficient solutions for the light energy issues. It is a part installed horizontally or with a slope way up a window to control and redistribute incoming sunlight and daylight. Light shelf improves the uniformity of daylight in a room by reflecting light into the building from its upper surface, while it provides solar shading and decreases glare. According to these features and also appropriate price and the quality that does not hinder the vision, it has been made with an eligible technology. Using light shelves decrease energy consumption. There are many kinds of light shelves based on their features, such as dimension, proportion, slope, material, geometry and form (rectangular, curved, etc.), their combination with other devices (such as solar shadings), being installed interior, exterior or both, being single or multiple, static or dynamic and effect of interior spaces (such as ceiling height or slope) and other matters, these variety of typologies makes it hard to choose the best alternative for any particular situation. Researches about light shelves began in the early 1950s. After a while many experts tended to know much about such systems and various studies have been conducted. This paper reviews the publications that discussed light shelves during recent years -about 43 papers and books- then classifies the light shelves and finds out about the exploration of each field. Three categories of research method, research questions and building functions have been surveyed in these researches. 1. Research method has been categorized to make model and test it under actual sky or artificial sky, computer simulation (such as Radiance, Daysim, Diva, etc.), post occupancy evaluation (POE) and evaluation of light shelf productivity in actual situations, and mathematical calculations. 2. Research questions have been categorized into introduction of a new method, comparison light shelf with other devices, light shelf efficiency, light shelf material, types of light shelves, and space proportion effects on light shelf function, new or combinative light shelves. 3. Building functions have been categorized into residential, office, commercial, educational and unknown. The review reveals that 35% of researches are based on computer simulation and this method has been developed and used more in recent years. Data calibration with two or three methods assures the researcher of the results. Making a model stands at the second position and simulation and making a model together is the third one. About 30% of researches were conducted on office buildings and that shows the importance of daylighting in such kind of properties. Educational spaces were the next one. Unfortunately many researches were operated on hypothetical spaces without any specific usage. It was clear that a large amount of researches were based on comparing of light shelves with other appliances and the results show that light shelves have a popularity and good qualification among other daylight technologies. After that surveying different features of light shelves have been tested. To control glare, light shelves can be used in combination with other devices, and to find the optimum case, all variables should be considered. Dynamic light shelves and new combinational devices are at the beginning of their way and it seems fulfilling as the advancement of science introduces and develops new systems. Finally, the use of light shelves is according to illuminate a space which should be integrated with the electric lighting system.}, keywords = {Light Shelf,Daylight,Advanced Daylight Devices,Light Shelves’ Typology}, title_fa = {گونه شناسی انواع و مشخصات فنی رف های نوری}, abstract_fa = {نور روز تأثیر قابل توجهی در کارآیی و کیفیت بهره گیری از محیط دارد. در این میان رف های نوری از جایگاه ویژه ای برخوردارند. رف های نوری یکی از فناوری های نور روز ترکیب شده با پنجره با عملکرد سه گانه سایه اندازی، افزایش عمق نفوذ نور به بخش های مرکزی و عمیق تر اتاق و کاهش خیرگی، و داشتن این مزیت که مانع دید به بیرون نمی شود، یکی از پرطرفدارترین فناوری ها محسوب می شود. این رف ها با توجه به اقلیم، فضا، کاربری و غیره انواع مختلفی دارند. ابعاد و تناسبات مختلف، جنس، فرم، زاویه نسبت به افق، ثابت یا متحرک بودن، داخلی، خارجی و یا ترکیبی از هر دو بودن، منفرد یا تکرارشونده بودن، تأثیر فضاهای داخلی، ترکیب با عناصر مکمل و مسائل دیگر، گزینه های متعددی را پیش روی ما قرار می دهد که انتخاب نوع مناسب را پیچیده می کند. در این پژوهش که از جنس مطالعات مروری می باشد، با بررسی مطالعات پیشین بر روی رف های نوری، به طبقه بندی الگوهای مختلف رف های نوری و متغیرهای آن برای فضاهای مختلف پرداخته می شود و بر اساس آن، کاربردهایی در حوزه به کارگیری در فرآیند طراحی معماری پیشنهاد می شود.}, keywords_fa = {رف نوری,نور روز,سیستم های پیشرفته ی نور روز,مشخصات فنی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39343.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39343_1add4e5bc70bb674112997f90783aaaf.pdf} } @article { author = {Tavanaei Marvi, Lale and Behzardfar, Mostafa and Oji, Yasaman}, title = {Urban Designer’s Expectations from Electronic Technologists, Computer and IT Professionals}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {105-119}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {The word “urban landscape” as a professional concept was introduced in the late nineteenth century by Frederick Law Olmsted in relation to American cities. The concept and definition of urban landscape have been changed along the paradigm changes in urban design. In recent years, with the stating of environmental concerns, sustainable urbanlandscape has been presented as the new urban landscape paradigm. Nowadays, it seems that due to the new technology, the appearance of urban environments will alter. In recent decades the words “Smart” and “Intelligent” became a part of urban vocabulary that refer to smart use of new technology which on one hand, increased the efficiency of urban equipment and utilities and on the other, reduced energy consumption and prevented climate changes. By these changes in communication technologies and electronics, in order to move toward intelligent design, urban facilities are also promoting. Therefore, with the development of smart cities and changes in form and texture of these cities this question remains that how the dimensions and smart landscape norms shifts. The causes of these changes can be investigated in development of technological urban facilities and equipment. Lighting is one of the most important elements of the urban landscape which includes equipment for traffic lights, decorative lights and LED lighting. Urban design in various ways tries to enhance the environmental qualities, particularly in the public territories beautification. Beautification through lighting is one way to adorn the public realm. Lighting technologies and electronics help urban design for its responsiveness in qualitative development of public life. In addition it is useful and plays a significant role in other fields, such as: traffic management, commerce, communications, events and social-cultural practices. For example, traffic lights, commercial boards, illuminates and communications equipment management are special technologies that use lighting technology and electronics to have an impact on urban landscape dimension. Despite widespread lighting technology advances, the traffic lights, signs, commercial advertising and IT equipment, cause visual impairment and intervention widely in public spaces. Urban design in the line of information and communication technologies is hopeful to adjust these visual impairments and enhance the beauty of cities. Based on studies on the development of IT and ICT it seems that some lighting equipment such as: traffic lights, commercial lights can be replaced with other lighting equipment. If city planners can sensitize electronics and IT and ICT experts and researchers in the urban aesthetic fields, especially in an urban landscape, the new technologies for reducing and eliminatingof visual impairment can be achieved to enhance the urban landscape quality. Theoretical foundations of this approach can be investigated in IT developments and innovations in the field of wireless power transmission. Although the idea of wireless  power transmission has a long history and much progress, but still it seems like a new subject. According to studies and interviews with electrical, computer and IT experts technologies various issues can be considered in this article including: 1) Vehicular Ad hoc Networks 2) wireless power transmission. This article tries to define the implications of WiTricity in urban territories and presents the example of this idea around the holy shrine of Imam Reza to create the concept of here and there to achieve vitality, safety and variety. Also with using Vehicular Ad hoc Networks, transfers the traffic elements in the car to reduce the visual pollution. The application of these techniques in urban lighting and traffic equipment can improve the visual quality of public areas, and improve the vitality, safety and variety of communities in general. As a result, the beauty of the city enhances in general with eliminating mechanical elements that distort the urban landscape. This study is an attempt to help technology in the lighting field and minimize visual impairment due to this matter, introducing the smart urban landscape and the creative techniques and methods in this field. One of the important achievements of this article is presenting the good cooperation between electrical, computer and IT experts in the field of urban studies. Finally, based on the relationships between multipurpose professionals –that was mentioned before- and designing some of the main approaches which was presented for designing the smart urban landscape, some of these concepts can be the foundation of further research, including: • Redefining the concept of urban landscape,• Establishing the paradigm of smart urban landscape,• Developing the use of wireless power transmission in urban equipment,• Implementation of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks in urban transportation and traffic equipment,• Considering beauty, safety, security, vitality and brightness of urban spaces as the economic advantages of public realms.}, keywords = {City Beautification,Smart Urban Landscape,Electronic Technology,IT,ICT,Urban Landscape’s Norms and Dimensions}, title_fa = {انتظارات طراحان شهری از متخصصین و فناوران الکترونیک، کامپیوتر و IT}, abstract_fa = {طراحی شهری به شیوه های مختلف در ارتقاء کیفیات محیطی، به ویژه در زیباسازی عرصه های باز همگانی تلاش می کند؛ استفاده از روشنایی و نورپردازی یکی از شیوه های زیباسازی عرصه های همگانی است. فناوری نور و الکترونیک علاوه بر اینکه به یاری طراحی شهری می آید، در حوزه های دیگری شامل مدیریت ترافیک، تجارت، ارتباطات جمعی، رویدادهاو مناسک فرهنگی اجتماعی و نظیر این ها نیز نقش به سزایی ایفا می کند. برای مثال چراغ های راهنمائی و رانندگی، تابلوها، اعلانات تجاری و نورافشانی ها و مدیریت تجهیزات ارتباطات اطلاعاتی فناوری خاصی هستند که از فناوری نور و الکترونیک سود جسته و بر منظر شهرها تأثیر می گذارند. علیرغم پیشرفت گسترده فناوری های یاد شده چراغ هایراهنمایی و رانندگی، تابلوها، اعلانات تجاری و تجهیزات فناوری اطلاعات به طور گسترده ای موجبات مخدوش شدن عرصه های همگانی به لحاظ بصری را فراهم آورده اند. طراحی شهری انتظار دارد که در تداوم انقلاب فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات خدشه های یاد شده تعدیل شده و زیبایی شهرها ارتقاء پیدا کند. بر مبنای مطالعات انجام شده در زمینه تحولات دانش و فناوری الکترونیک، ICT، IT و نظیر این ها به نظر می رسد که بتوان برخی از تجهیزات تابنده بر منظر وبه ویژه نماهای شهری نظیر تابلوها، چراغ های راهنمایی، چراغ های نورافشانی و نظیر آن را با تجهیزات نورپردازی دیگری جایگزین نمود. چنانچه بتوان حساسیت متخصصین و پژوهشگران الکترونیک، ICT، IT را به زیباشناسی شهری به ویژه  در حوزه منظر شهری و هنجارهای مرتبط فعال و تحریک نمود، امکان دستیابی به تجهیزاتی که مخدوش ساختن منظر قلمروهای همگانی را به حداقل برساند، مقدور خواهد نمود. در نتیجه زیباسازی شهر با حذف عناصر مکانیکی خدشه گذار بر منظر تعدیل شده و زیبایی شهر به طور عام ارتقاء پیدا می کند. تحقیق پیش رو تلاشی است برای دستیابی به این انتظار که از یک طرف بر رشد تکنولوژی در حوزه نورپردازی کمک م یکند و از طرف دیگر خدشه های منظری را به حداقل ممکن کاهش می دهد.}, keywords_fa = {زیباسازی شهری,منظر شهری هوشمند,فناوری الکترونیک,ICT,IT,هنجارها و نمایانگر منظرشهری}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39362.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39362_b2cd5111a60e0b9b043ccb348b7b8038.pdf} } @article { author = {Pakzad, Jahanshah and Mojtabazadeh, Atefeh and Ahmadian, Reza}, title = {Content Items’ Review in City Lighting Master Plans}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {121-132}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Light is essential for life, and it is one of its components. It gives us the ability to see as we receive the most important information around us through our eyes. Eyes could be counted as the most sensitive part of our bodies which are used for gathering about 80% of needed data. On the other hand, we know that light has a great influence on quality of space, emotions, perceptions, the image of a city, and etc. Light and lighting are vital matters of urban life, so that it is not possible for us to envision a life without them. Over the past decades, cities became the origin of 24 hour activities, where unlike old days, nocturnal life as well as daily life continues. Cities are no longer a place which is shut by falling night and waken up by the next day. Their citizens stay up and head into different locations through the night, according to new living conditions. Currently, appropriate lighting for night time is needed in Iran to overcome problems we are facing in cities. Existence of problems such as low-quality urban spaces, high rate of car accidents, criminal acts, low social safety and light pollution should be addressed by experts through conducting precise and practical studies on city lighting. It is expected that importance of urban lighting in improvement of public realm quality, city marketing, citizens’ visual image and urban beautification be more highlighted. Therefore we seek better lighting methods to use for our cities so that we can create a superior townscape. In order to find solutions for problems mentioned above, the lighting master plan is introduced. This plan is crucial for every city to execute proper lighting and results to a profitable environment. Also rendered as an upstream kind of program employed to control and direct every details on urban lighting, it should be viewed as a unified coordinated general plan available for urban spaces. Most cities around the world have already came up with such plans whereas in Iran we still need some extra time and effort to achieve a descent spot. Although the problem is not the light source, it is rather to have a guide to prepare a lighting master plan. In which a detailed review of city lighting master plans and extraction of all indices and items considered essential in process of planning, are viewed as equally very decisive. Of course, we should not forget that such items are general and depend on the context of each plan, it means they are specific for every city and place where unique characteristics, conditions, identity and atmosphere exists. In other words, content analysis of the urban lighting master plans makes it possible to distinguish what should be taken into action. Then it comes to consider the priorities addressed by these plans and solutions offered by them. Thus, knowledge of the content items is a necessary part in preparation of the urban lighting master plan for all the organizations and individuals engaged in this process. Regarding the goal of this paper which is to investigate and collect content items needed in compilation of a city lighting master plan, researcher has tried to gather mentioned items through library research with a practical and scientific approach in mind. This was achieved by studying successful experiences of different cities following by extracting content items. Then a three-part conceptual model is presented which is comprised of information about the city, the structural aspects of urban and urban lighting issues of the city, and ultimately practical suggestions on how to organize planning as expressed in various sections of the plan. Finally, the reason to choose this subject was the significant importance of light and lighting in urban environment. Besides working on this issue and cultivating a scientific culture, was very essential itself. It has been in mind to build a reference for further scientific moves and activities, albeit in a limited time. It is quite clear that Iranian cities, especially metropolitans, suffer from inadequate lighting plans as a quality item of an urban area and one of the cities’ beauty aspects. We cannot deny what has been done till now, but it is certainly time for more. Hopefully, this paper will leave some positive effects to motivate interested experts and researchers to look for innovative solutions and ideas as the case requires.}, keywords = {light,Lighting,Content Item,Lighting Master Plantal problems that affects their way of living. Limitations for mobility,chronic diseases}, title_fa = {بررسی آیتم های محتوایی در تهیه ی طرح جامع نورپردازی شهری}, abstract_fa = {امروزه شهرهای ما از لحاظ نورپردازی نیاز به وضعیت مناسب تری دارند تا مناظر شب زیباتر دیده شوند. به همین منظور و برای حل برخی مسائل و مشکلات، طرح جامع نورپردازی شهری مورد تأکید قرار گرفته است. این طرح که نقش بسیار مهمی را در نورپردازی و روشنایی هر شهر در شب، به منظور خلق محیط مناسب دارد و به عنوان یک طرح فرادست کلیه ی امور مربوط به نورپردازی شهرها را کنترل و هدایت می کند، از اهمیت بسیار زیادی برخوردار است. از آنجائی که به شرح خدمات مشخص و تدوین شده در راستای تهیه ی طرح جامع نورپردازی شهری احساس نیاز می شود، بر این اساس جمع آوری آیتم های اساسی برای تدوین این طرح حائز اهمیت است. با توجه به هدف اصلی این مقاله که بررسی و جمع آوری آیتم های محتوایی در تهیه ی طرح جامع نورپردازی شهری می باشد، تلاش شده است با استفاده از روش مطالعات کتابخانه ای و با رویکرد کاربردی عملی، اطلاعات مربوط به این آیتم ها در تهیه ی طرح جامع نورپردازی از طریق بررسی تجارب موفق شهرهای مختلف در جهان، جمع آوری شده و آیتم های محتوایی حاصل از بررسی های صورت گرفته در قالب مدل مفهومی در سه بخش مربوط به شناخت شهر، جنبه های ساختاری شهری و جنبه های نورپردازی شهری ارائه شود و در نهایت پیشنهادات کاربردی، در خصوص تهیه ی این طرح بر مبنای بخش های مطرح شده در مدل مفهومی، جمع بندی گردد.}, keywords_fa = {آیتم های محتوایی,تهیه,طرح جامع نورپردازی شهری,نورپردازی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39363.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39363_5c36230302aba9df8a540044f4d9058f.pdf} } @article { author = {Jalilisadrabad, Samaneh and Behzadfar, Mostafa and Yazdanniyaz, Amirhasan}, title = {Lighting’s Role for Children’s Presence in Public Parks (Case Study: Fadak Park in Tehran)}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {133-141}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Children are amongst the vulnerable strata of each society, as they are not capable of expressing their every need. Meanwhile understanding and paying attention to their desires is crucial and important for the future of both themselves and their society. Generally, children’s vital needs can be categorized as follows:1. Physical care, that is a child’s need for home, food, clothing, and stuffs like that;2. Need for support, that is a child’s need for support against hazards and difficulties;3. Need for security, that is supporting the child and supervising his/her condition;4. And emotional need, namely, the emotion and respect that a child needs in order to resist pressures.Therefore, security is one of the important needs of a child and an influential factor in the presence of him/her in public realms. The presence of children in public spaces can promote their physical and mental growth. Many of the psychologists believe that learning, in early childhood, is attained through free playing. Although there is no exact definition for free playing, it can be characterized as acting unplanned, unpredictable, voluntarily, and full of joy. Designing appropriate playgrounds can increase the presence of children in such places. Studies indicate that places which are most desirable for children include their home, gardens, streets around the neighborhood, parks, playgrounds and sport fields. A playing area is a kind of dynamic urban space, which means it is located inside a park or another public place and is not private; in such places the social interactions between children happens at its highest level. Playing areas, as encourage independent functions, can create the context for generating diverse games (adventurous and group games, water and mud play, drawing, motion-physical games, playing with tools, dramaand social games, playing with ball, science games, playing with moving objects like bicycles, tricycles, and wagons, playing with natural elements, and …) appropriate for the age ranged from 1 to 6 at playgrounds in neighborhoods, and for the age range of to 6 to 15 at playgrounds in urban areas. According to Lynch, children learn more outside theschool and in society. In his view, this kind of education is being lost in our cities. Schools environments cannot completely quench children’s needs for various activities. Because, regrettably, in schooling tradition of Iranians’, the children’s activities are dominated by the school in such a specific way that no free playing is recognized appropriate for them. All activities which are done in schools, if any, are not free and are temporally limited. Child care centers in urban areas, despite their spatial restrictions, can host children for 2 or 3 years. Today, one of the main purposes of day care centers is to take care of children and educate them, and due to their limited spaces and facilities, less time is spent on free playing. Therefore, to deal with this important issue, we have investigated the effect of lighting in play spaces on the presence of children in such areas. For this purpose, a case  has been studied and an observation-based qualitative-quantitative method has been used. By interviewing about the presence of children and the factors affecting it, Fadak Park, located in the Municipality No. 8 of Tehran, has been examined. To do this, a documentary research approach were applied along with observational method and depth interviews. Then, 18 children were interviewed and to complete the research, also their parents were interviewed. Based on the theoretical saturation viewpoint, to prevent repetitive data, we limited the interview to 18 people and samples were selected randomly. To investigate the effects of lighting, we observed the Park on Sunday (uncrowded day) and Friday (crowded day) twice (once in the morning, and another time in the afternoon). Investigations show that one of the places in which learning can happen for children, are the public realms. Children’s learning in unofficial places increases due to the freedom of choice and discretion. Children can freely play in these areas and can be connected with their peers, with no temporal restriction. Thus, the presence of children in public areas, particularly in playgrounds, is of great importance, because they can interact with other children and play freely. On the other hand, the fear factor and night-time safety, are two influential elements which can decrease the presence of children in public spaces at night. Regarding the limitations and shortage of playgrounds for children, these areas must be altered to meet children’s needs. As the results of our investigations show, appropriate lighting can build a sense of security and safety in children and their parents, and subsequently result in an increased public presence and sociability.}, keywords = {children,Child-friendly City,Lighting,Playground,Presence}, title_fa = {نقش نورپردازی در حضورپذیری کودکان در پارک های شهری؛ نمونه موردی: زمین بازی کودکان پارک فدک تهران}, abstract_fa = {یکی از مباحث مطرح در شهرسازی معاصر، شهر دوستدار کودک می باشد که در آن ویژگی های کودک و نیازهای آن در نظر گرفته می شود. حضور کودکان در عرصه های همگانی اهمیت بسیاری دارد و موجب اجتماع پذیری آنها خواهد شد. نورپردازی یکی از عواملی است که امکان تداوم حضور کودکان را در عرصه های همگانی امکان پذیر می سازد. نورپردازی بهتر، امنیت بیشتر و لذت از بازی و به تبع آن حضورپذیری گسترده تر کودکان را به دنبال خواهد داشت. حضور بیشتر آن ها در عرصه های همگانی موجبات اجتماع پذیری را تسهیل می کند که خود زمینه ی مناسبی برای حضور کودکان امروز در سازندگی فردای کشور می شود. این مقاله با هدف درک شرایط زمین بازی کودکان در داخل پارک های شهری در ارتباط با نورپردازی و راهکاریابی برای حل مسائل احتمالی تدوین شده است. در پژوهش فوق از شیوه ی مطالعات اسنادی، مشاهده و مصاحبه با کودکان و والدین آن ها برای درک رابطه ی بین حضور کودکان در عرصه های همگانی و نورپردازی با مورد کاوی پارک فدک تهران استفاده شده است. با بررسی های میدانی انجام شده می توان نتیجه گیری کرد که نورپردازی مناسب می تواند باعث ارتقاء حس امنیت در کودکان و والدین آن ها شود و بالتبع حضور، حضورپذیری و اجتماع پذیری آن ها افزایش یابد.}, keywords_fa = {نورپردازی,حضورپذیری,شهر دوستدار کودک,کودک,زمین بازی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39364.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39364_accefca2044150961277149f96bf3b55.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalili, Maryam and Hushangi, Taraneh}, title = {Environmental Lighting Design of Kish Cycling Path}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {143-154}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Nowadays, bicycle is considered as one of the most inexpensive and effective transportation means in the cities. Cycling is also a fun activity that needs appropriate facilities and environment. Considering suitable conditions for its users can lead to social convictions which can inspire citizens to do this activity more often. This approach helps to achieve a sustainable city. For creating the right infrastructures it is needed to appreciate user context, and his physical and spiritual expectations. Macroeconomic policies should be presented based on these elements. Design of cycling path engenders a special relationship between individuals and their environment. Therefore, encouragement of people to use the bicycle is an essential issue and should be pointed out. The appropriate lighting in cycling path can create a safe, attractive and perfect context for cycling or hiking. Kish Island hosts more than one million and two hundred thousand visitors and local or foreign tourists every year who are eager to perform water and marine sports as well as cycling. No matter how old they are, youngsters and the elderly are interested in cycling. All day long, thousands of travelers and tourists enjoy this fabulous and joyful sport. Maintenance of such a cycling path with 72 km length and its facilities has a lot to do with designing the environmental lighting which encourages people to cycle.This project is based on User Centered Design (UCD) method to explore the issues about bike rentals. In this study, according to the user’s needs, opinions and behaviors, the User Centered Design Process is planned to increase the effectiveness and success of the product. Regarding the four stages of User Centered Design Process and the Qualitative Function Deployment method, the environmental lighting design of Kish Island cycling path is investigated. Afterwards, thirty users were observed during bicycle rent and some questions related to the problems of the place and their physical and psychological interactions versus its different parts were asked. After studying and analyzing the data collected using Qualitative Function Deployment, design checklist prepared and primary ideation were performed and environmental factors affecting the space design were also reviewed. Lighting is defined as one of the most important items of environmental design parameters and within distinguished ideas, one concept takes superior position. Semiotic feedback of luminous elements and the user experience represents the foundations of designand their influence on designing process was evaluated. Imaging and recording data have been conducted in various points of the island during the day. These points were selected because of their situation on the cycling path.From the standpoint of Maguire (2001), there are four basic steps in User Centered Design Cycle:- Understand and specify the context of use,- Specify the user and organizational requirements,- Produce design solutions,- Evaluate designs against requirements. Generally, there are two main approaches in the field of urban design elements: one modern approach is to define the urban products as a space force; the other one is a postmodern approach that considers human beings as social driven decisions establish the cultural ties in shaping the urban landscape. The Kish cycling path is around the island and traverses the historic places. Different places of Kish Island have their own impact on the cycling path, for example the natural elements have their special influence on the identity of this path. The results of this study show that people prefer to see the lightings which remind them the identity of Kish Island and its memories. The visual impact of the nature and the iconic elements help us to define the conceptual ideas inspiring by the symbols and signs.These lightings have not only the functional elements, but also they are implanted in the nature as a memorial of this island. A sustainable lighting illuminates the environment and creates a type of synergy with other furniture and natural elements. Special attention has been given to the sustainability of the energy consumption or the lifecycle of the product. Thirty people composed of 18 men and 12 women were observed and interviewed during this study. Most of them believed that the environmental lighting of the cycling path has many problems and does not have a particular visual appealing to the identity of Kish Island. Poor lighting at night and no visibility of cycling path are the other problems mentioned by women. The users mentioned inadequate lighting form, lack of harmony with the island environment and also lack of appropriate color in this urban element as problems requiring some solutions. The application of Qualitative Function Deployment method illuminates the user’s need within a design framework and the checklist which is much more significant and usable.}, keywords = {Sustainability,Cycling Path,User-centered Design,Lighting Design,Landscape Design}, title_fa = {طراحی روشنایی محیطی پیست دوچرخه سواری جزیره ی کیش}, abstract_fa = {دوچرخه سواری و ارائه ی راهکارهایی برای تشویق افراد به استفاده از آن امری ضروری محسوب می شود. جزیره ی زیبای کیش، سالانه پذیرای بیش از یک میلیون و دویست هزار گردشگر است که ورزشهای آبی و همچنین دوچرخه سواری مورد توجه و علاقه ی بسیاری از آنان است. در جزیره ی کیش در طول شبانه روز هزاران نفر از مسافران و گردشگران،در پیست دوچرخه سواری و در کنار سواحل به این ورزش شاد، مفرح و پرهیجان می پردازند. رسیدگی به پیست دوچرخه سواری 72 کیلومتری کیش و محصولات درون آن امری مهم تلقی می شود. در این پروژه ابتدا و در بخش تئوری  بر اساس روش طراحی کاربرمحور به بررسی مسائل و مشکلات محل های کرایه دوچرخه پرداخته شده است. تعداد سی نفر کاربر در زمان کرایه ی دوچرخه مورد مشاهده قرار گرفته و سؤالاتی از آنان پیرامون مشکلات این محل و تعاملات آنان با بخش های مختلف آن صورت گرفته است. با استفاده از روش جایگزینی عملکرد یکفی تدوین چک لیست طراحی و ایده پردازی مقدماتی صورت گرفته و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر طراحی و فضاسازی محیط مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در نهایت نورپردازی به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین شاخص های طراحی فضا تعریف شده و بازخوردهای سمیوت کی المان های نورانی و تجربه ی کاربران در حین استفاده، به عنوان زیرساخت های شکل دهنده ی طراحی محسوب شده و تأثیرگذاری آن ها در فاز طراحی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.}, keywords_fa = {پایداری محیط,پیست دوچرخه سواری,طراحی کاربرمحور,طراحی روشنایی,فضاسازی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39365.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39365_99beca29b91e3d9eff8d4eef597a3152.pdf} } @article { author = {Bagheri Dehbaghi, Maryam and Hamedi, Shapoor and Bagheri Dehbaghi, Mahsa}, title = {Providing Strategic Algorithms in order to Optimize and Manage the Lighting Network based on the Balanced Scorecard Using GIS Software; Case Study: Electricity Distribution Company of Kermanshah}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {8}, number = {دومین ویژه نامه نورپردازی}, pages = {155-162}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionDaylighting is so essential in our lives that causes to improve security and life quality in our societies. So, meeting this need is very important which requires data about the number of lights and lighting systems installed, replacement period of each lamp and other costs associated. In order to achieve that, we record lighting network as location-based data in a data-base. With recording the data in geodatabase, the useful information could be driven from row data. As a matter of fact, the information mentioned before can predict costs and replace operation budgeting instead of traditional budgeting.Research Methodology Since 1388, Kermanshah Power Distribution Company (KPDC) has begun to gather the attribute and location based data of distribution network elements, such as number of lighting pole and lighting lamps in order to create GIS database. In this study, first, the road lighting network data including: region area, number of subscribers, number of lights, the suggested lights power, the length of low power lines, lights per consumer, light per region area and light per the length of low power line were driven from GIS database. Secondly, this information was analysed based on financial factors. Finally, the novel algorithm was introduced based on Balanced Scorecard (BSc), which has been introduced by Kaplan in 1990 (Figure 1), to optimize lighting consume management. This method evaluates lighting consume management based on financial performance, internal process, customers and growth and learning. Figure 1: a four-way Balanced Scorecard to achieve the vision and goals of the company In the BSc approach, organizations can be divided into four different funds, these funds are: - FinancialThe formulas 1, 2 and 3 were designed to estimate the cost of repair and maintenance of street lighting in Kermanshah city using statistical information which have obtained from, KPDC GIS database. The distribution of lighting in the southern part of Kermanshah city was illustrate in Figure 2.Formula 1:The cost of replacing a 100-watt incandescent lamplamp cost1=(HL/L*PL)*SL+PU/4Formula 2:The cost of gas and mercury lampslamp cost2=(HL/L*PL)*SL+PU/4+1/3 OCOV+1/2 OCHFormula 3:The cost of sodium lampslamp cost3=(HL/L*PL)*SL+PU/4+1/3 OCOV+1/2 OCH+1/2 OIG Figure 2: distribution of lighting in the southern part of Kermanshah city- CustomerThe KPDC uses an annual questionnaire to measure customer satisfaction of lighting. Customer Survey is being used to check BSc.- Internal business processesIn this section, BSc analyses the KPDC data by some indicators to evaluate lightening that shows the lightening qualities and quantities. Based on these reports, the actions can be planned to improve and develop lighting network for achieving customer satisfaction.- Learning and developmentAlso, in learning and development section the amount of short course efficiency was measured by evaluating 12 factors and the amount of manager’s satisfaction of each employee was scored between 0 and 100. Then, by analysing the average scores of the efficiency of each course the usage of them can be shown. ConclusionTo conclude, by combination of the BSc and the GIS reports, an algorithm was created for Performance-based budgeting in KPDC. This algorithm was suggested to improve management in different parts of the company. Finally, operating budgeting and programmability was recommended to achieve longterm goals in the lighting network in the city of Kermanshah. Figure 3: algorithm for optimization strategic management of lighting}, keywords = {BSC,Lighting,GIS,Strategic Algorithms,KPDC}, title_fa = {ارائه ی الگوریتم استراتژیک بهینه سازی و مدیریت روشنایی معابر براساس کارت امتیازی متوازن با استفاده از ArcGIS مطالعه موردی: شرکت توزیع نیروی برق کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa = {روشنایی معابر یکی از مایحتاج های زندگی است که باعث ایجاد احساس امنیت و زندگی بهتر می شود، از این رو ارائه ی خدمات مطلوب و مناسب در این زمینه دارای اهمیت ویژه ای می باشد. این امر مستلزم داشتن اطلاعات کافی درباره شبکه های روشنایی از جمله تعداد چراغ های منصوبه، دوره ی تعویض هر لامپ و سایر هزینه های مرتبط می باشد. با ثبت آمار و اطلاعات شبکه روشنایی معابر به صورت مکان محور در نرم افزار ArcGIS می توان آماری با صحت بسیار بالا و  به دور از هرگونه خطا به دست آورد. با توجه به اطلاعات فوق می توان هزینه ها را به درستی پی شبینی و شناسایی کرد و نیز بودجه ریزی عملیاتی را جایگزین بودجه ریزی سنتی نمود. کاپلان و نورتن در دهه ی 1990 روش ارزیابی متوازن را معرفی کردند؛ در این روش علاوه بر تحلیل های مالی به رضایت مشتریان، نحوه ی انجام فرآیندهای داخلی و رشد و یادگیری مستمر کارکنان نیز توجه می گردد. با این روش می توان الگوریتم استراتژیکی جهت مدیریت بهتر سازما نها ارائه نمود. شرکت توزیع نیروی برق استان کرمانشاه از سال 1388 شروع به ثبت اطلاعات شبکه توزیع برق در نرم افزار ArcGIS نمود و تمام اقلام آماری مربوط به شبکه فشار متوسط به صورت مکان محور در این سیستم ایجاد گردید. در این تحقیق پس از بررسی شبکه روشنایی معابر شرکت توزیع نیروی برق استان کرمانشاه، با استفاده از نرم افزار ArcGIS و  جمع آوری اقلام آماری مربوطه، شبکه روشنایی معابر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل مالی قرار گرفته و به ارائه ی الگوریتمی جهت بهینه سازی مدیریت مصرف روشنایی معابر بر اساس کارت امتیازی متوازن پرداخته و عملکرد وجوه مالی، فرآیندهای داخلی، مشتری و رشد و یادگیری سنجش و ارزیابی گردیده و نتایج آن گزارش شده است. درآخر، با استفاده از الگوریتم و نتایج، پیشنهاداتی جهت پیشروی به سوی بودجه ریزی عملیاتی و برنامه ریزی جهت دستیابی به اهداف بلندمدت در بخش روشنایی معابر شهرکرمانشاه ارائه شده است.}, keywords_fa = {BSC,روشنایی معابر,ArcGIS,الگوریتم استراتژیک}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39366.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_39366_447b62b2fdec5f69691d9f427e8749f9.pdf} }