ارزیابی تأثیر رخداد زلزله بر تغییرات ادراکی- شناختی بازماندگان از مسکن و محیط زندگی، مورد مطالعاتی: زلزله سال 1382 شهر بم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار گروه بازسازی پس از سانحه، دانشکده معماری و طراحی شهری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

رخداد ناگهانی زلزله، بازماندگان را با ناهماهنگی‌هایی در جهان پساسانحه روبرو و بر ساختارهای ادراکی- شناختی و ارزیابی از محیط زندگی مطلوب تأثیر می‌گذارد. در این راستا، تحقیق حاضر دیدگاه جوامع زلزله‌زده بم و فهرج پیرامون اهمیت ابعاد مختلف مسکن و محیط بازسازی شده را با جامعه کنترل با ماهیت اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی و محیطی شبیه، که دچار زلزله نشده، مورد مقایسه و سنجش قرار داده است. تحقیق با رویکرد ترکیبی و با روش مصاحبه، مردم‌نگاری، پیمایش از طریق پرسشنامه و اسکیس‌های دستی اجرا شد. جوامع مورد پژوهش شهر بم و فهرج و محله بازار کرمان به‌عنوان جامعه کنترل بودند. انتخاب نمونه در جامعه کنترل به صورت تصادفی ساده و در جوامع سانحه‌دیده غیرتصادفی هدفمند بود. بر اساس یافته‌ها، ابعاد فردی- بین‌فردی مسکن و محیط مسکونی بازسازی‌شده بیش از عملکرد جمعی این واحدها از دیدگاه جوامع زلزله‌زده حائز اهمیت شده‌اند. ادراک از خطر، اهمیت ایمنی و استحکام خانه را افزایش و تجارب بی‌خانمانی؛ زندگی در سرپناه اضطراری و موقت؛ برنامه‌ها و سیاست‌های بازسازی، افراد را به سوی شناخت‌های پاسخگوی خودباوری؛ حفاظت از خودپنداره؛ بهبود پنداشت دیگران از خویشتن (شأن اجتماعی) و بیان تمایز بین خود و دیگری (شخصی‌سازی) سوق داد‌ه‌اند. مقولاتی همچون طراحی مبتنی بر سلیقه؛ حریم و قلمروها؛ معنا؛ نمای مطلوب و دوست داشتن مسکن اهمیت مضاعفی یافته‌اند. در مقابل در شناخت از جهان پیرامون و عملکرد جمعی محیط مسکونی تضاد در طرحواره‌های شناختی و عدم تعادل بین شناخت و مناظر ذهنی پیش و پسازلزله ایجاد شده و مقوله‌هایی چون واحدهای همسایگی؛ عرصه‌های نیمه عمومی؛ دید و منظر و اهمیت دادن به تعمیر و نگهداری مسکن در مقایسه با گروه کنترل از قدر کم‌تری برخوردار شده‌اند.  نتیجه می‌شود، در کنار بازتوانی مقیاس فرد- بین فردی، بهبود انگاره از جهان نیز در بازسازی مسکن و محیط زندگی با هدف بازتوانی جمعی نیاز است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Impact of Earthquakes on Survivors’ Perceptual and Cognitive alterations in Residential Environment; Case Study: Bam Earthquake, 2003

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeedeh Asadi 1
  • Ali Sharghi 2
  • Zoheir Mottaki 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Reconstruction after Disaster, Department of Reconstruction after Disaster, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The sudden occurrence of an earthquake exposes the survivors with some inconsistencies in the post-disaster world, hence severely undermining the perceptual-cognitive structures and the assessment of the desired living environment. As such, the current study has sought to evaluate the views and attitudes of the earthquake-affected communities of Bam and Fahraj regarding the significance of different dimensions of housing and the reconstructed environment and compare them with control group, with similar social, cultural, economic, and environmental features. The authors employed a mixed method approach, and data were collected through interviews, ethnography, survey through questionnaires and hand sketches. The research participants were from Bam and Fahraj, while the Bazaar neighborhood of Kerman as the control group. Simple random sampling was used for the control group, while purposive sampling was used for target group. Based on the findings, the individual-interpersonal dimensions of housing and the reconstructed environment were deemed more important than the collective function of these units from the perspective of earthquake-affected communities. Furthermore, risk perception increased the importance of home safety and strength, while experiences of homelessness, living in emergency and temporary shelters, and reconstruction programs and policies lead people to cognitions in response to self-confident, self-concept protection, improving others perception of self (i.e., social dignity), and expression the distinction between self and others (i.e., personalization). Parameters such as taste-based housing design, privacy and territoriality, meanings, desired housing facade, and gratefulness towards housing have gained further significance. In contrast, in the perception of the surrounded world and the collective functioning of the residential environment, cognitive schemas were exposed to contradictions, leading to an imbalance between cognition of pre-earthquake and post-earthquake schemas, pointing to parameters such as neighborhood units, semi-public residential areas, landscapes, and maintenance were deemed less significant compared with the control group. In conclusion, in addition to the recovery of the individual-interpersonal scale, the improvement of the worldview is also of utmost importance in the housing and living environment reconstruction with the aim of collective recovery.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • The 2003 Bam Earthquake
  • Survivors Perceptual-Cognitive Structures
  • Reconstruction of Bam and Fahraj
  • Post-Disaster Housing and Living Environment
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