ارزیابی مولفه‌های موثر بر احساس جمعی در فضاهای اداری

ارغیانی, مصطفی; میرهاشمی, سید مهدی

doi:10.22034/aaud.2023.220702.2139

ارزیابی مولفه‌های موثر بر احساس جمعی در فضاهای اداری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه بجنورد، بجنورد، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

² استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه بجنورد، بجنورد، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2023.220702.2139

چکیده

حس جمعی تجربه فرد از زندگی اجتماعی در یک محیط است. مطالعات مختلف نشان می‌دهد حس جمعی بیش‌ترین میزان تاثیر را در مشارکت افراد در عملکرد محیط از قبیل کار کردن در فضای بسته اداری دارد. ایده تعلق به جامعه، مزیت‌ها و مسئولیت‌های اجتماعی رشد قابل ملاحظه‌ای در دهه‌ی اخیر داشته است. وجود حس جمعی باعث می‌شود افراد در محیط کار بیش‌تر با همدیگر باشند همان‌طور که در خانواده با همدیگر هستند و در نهایت سبب می‌گردد افراد رفتار و اخلاق بهتری از خود در محیط کار بروز دهند. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است برای سنجش شاخص‌های حس جمعی از روش‌های تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره جهت پاسخ دادن به فرضیات پژوهش استفاده شود. در این راستا با مطالعه‌ی منابع موجود 17 مولفه مؤثر بر احساس جمعی استخراج و با طرح، توزیع و جمع‌آوری پرسش‌نامه، آرا و عقاید جامعه‌ی پژوهش مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. به این منظور، 60 پرسش‌نامه در میان جمعی از اساتید دانشگاه و متخصصین معماری توزیع گردید و اولویت‌بندی مؤلفه‌های اجتماعی، محیطی و رفتاریِ به‌دست آمده، سنجیده شد. با حذف پرسش‌نامه‌های ناقص، در نهایت 58 پرسش‌نامه مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت که در نهایت از روش Bwm (تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره) استفاده شد. در میان مولفه‌های اجتماعی، زیرمولفه‌های پیوندهای مشترک و تعاملات اجتماعی و در میان مولفه‌های محیطی، زیرمولفه میزان استفاده از فضای عمومی و در میان مولفه رفتاری، امنیت به عنوان بهترین مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر ارتقای احساس جمعی در فضای اداری شناسایی گردیدند که برای ارتقای سطح احساس جمعی در فضاهای اداری، می‌توان اقدام‌های زیر را مدنظر قرار داد که عبارت‌اند از: توجه به پیوندهای مشترک، توجه به تعامل اجتماعی و قابلیت‌های فضایی برای مشارکت کارمندان در فضا.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating Components Affecting Sense of Community in Office Spaces

نویسندگان [English]

Mustafa Arghiani ¹
Seyyed Mehdi Mir Hashemi ²

¹ Assistant Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Arts, Bojnourd University, Bojnourd, Iran (Corresponding Author).

² Assistant Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Arts, Bojnourd University, Bojnourd, Iran.

چکیده [English]

A sense of community refers to an individual’s experience of social life in an environment. Various research has demonstrated that the sense of community has had the highest effects on peoples’ participation in environmental functions, including working in a closed office space. The idea of belonging to society has brought about considerable social responsibilities and advantages over the last decade. The sense of community helps people to get together more in a working environment as they are together in the family. It also helps people to demonstrate better conduct and morality in a working environment. This study aimed to use multi-criteria decision-making methods to measure the sense of community indicators and to respond to the study hypotheses. In this regard, the study explored available resources to extract 17 components affecting the sense of community. The views of the population under study were investigated by developing, distributing, and collecting questionnaires. For this purpose, 60 questionnaires were given out to academic professors, experts, and specialists in architecture, while social, environmental, and behavioral components were prioritized. By eliminating incomplete questionnaires, 57 questionnaires were finally analyzed, and in the end, the BWM (Best-Worst method in the multi-criteria decision-making) method was used. Out of social components, environmental components, and behavioral components, the subcomponents of shared connections and social interactions, the subcomponent of using public spaces, and the subcomponent of society were respectively identified as the best components affecting the promotion of the sense of community in office spaces. To promote the sense of community in office spaces, such measures as attention to shared connections, attention to social interactions, and spatial capacities for employee cooperation in space were taken.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Office Spaces
Sense of Community
Sense of Community Dimensions
BWM Method

مراجع

Alexander, Christopher, Sara Ishikawa, and Murray Silverstein. 1977. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction/ Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein with … [Others]. [Center for Environmental Structure series] vol.2. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bedimo-Rung, Ariane L., Andrew J. Mowen, and Deborah A. Cohen. 2005. “The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Health: A Conceptual Model.” American journal of preventive medicine 28(2 Suppl 2): 159-68. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024.
Bellenger, Danny, David Robertson, and Brooke Greenberg. 1982. “Shopping Center Patronage Motives.” Journal of Retailing (53): 29-38.
Bess, Kimberly D., Adrian T. Fisher, Christopher C. Sonn, and Brian J. Bishop. 2002. “Psychological Sense of Community: Theory, Research, and Application.” In Psychological Sense of Community, edited by C. R. Snyder, Adrian T. Fisher, Christopher C. Sonn, and Brian J. Bishop, 3-22. The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer US.
Boyd, Neil, Branda Nowell, Zheng Yang, and Mary C. Hano. 2018. “Sense of Community, Sense of Community Responsibility, and Public Service Motivation as Predictors of Employee Well-Being and Engagement in Public Service Organizations.” The American Review of Public Administration 48(5): 428-43. doi: 10.1177/0275074017692875.
Brebbia, C. A., and E. Beriatos, eds. 2013. Sustainable Development and Planning VI. WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment: WIT PressSouthampton, UK.
Brodsky, Anne E., Colleen Loomis, and Christine M. Marx. 2002. “Expanding the Conceptualization of PSOC.” In Psychological Sense of Community, edited by C. R. Snyder, Adrian T. Fisher, Christopher C. Sonn, and Brian J. Bishop, 319-36. The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer US.
Butterworth, Iain. 2000. The Relationship Between the Built Environment and Wellbeing: A Literature Review: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation.
Cadieux, Cynthia P. 2002. “Variables Associated with a Sense of Classroom Community and Academic Persistence in an Urban Community College Online Setting.” Old Dominion University Libraries.
Carr, Stephen. 1992. Public Space. Cambridge series in environment and behavior.
Coleman, Denis, and Seppo E. Iso-Ahola. 1993. “Leisure and Health: The Role of Social Support and Self-Determination.” Journal of Leisure Research 25(2): 111-28. doi: 10.1080/00222216.1993.11969913.
Coley, Rebekah L., William C. Sullivan, and Frances E. Kuo. 1997. “Where Does Community Grow?” Environment and Behavior 29(4): 468-94. doi: 10.1177/001391659702900402.
Davidson, William B., and Patrick R. Cotter. 1991. “The Relationship Between Sense of Community and Subjective Well-Being: A First Look.” J. Community Psychol. 19(3): 246-53. doi: 10.1002/1520-6629(199107)19:3%3C246:AID-JCOP2290190308%3E3.0.CO;2-L.
Ditzel, Elizabeth. 2008. “A Study of Perceived Job Stress, Sense of Community and Burnout Among New Zealand Nurses.” PhD, University of Otago.
Evans, Gary W. 2003. “The Built Environment and Mental Health.” Journal of urban health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 80(4): 536-55. doi: 10.1093/jurban/jtg063.
Francis, Mark. 2003. Urban Open Space: Designing for User Needs / Mark Francis. Case study in land and community design. Washington, London: Island Press: Landscape Architecture Foundation.
Freeman, Lance. 2001. “The Effects of Sprawl on Neighborhood Social Ties: An Explanatory Analysis.” Journal of the American Planning Association 67(1): 69-77. doi: 10.1080/01944360108976356.
Garrett, Lyndon E., Gretchen M. Spreitzer, and Peter A. Bacevice. 2017. “Co-Constructing a Sense of Community at Work: The Emergence of Community in Coworking Spaces.” Organization Studies 38(6): 821-42. doi: 10.1177/0170840616685354.
Gehl, Jan. 2006. Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. Skive: The Danish Architectural Press.
Halpern, David. 1995. Mental Health and the Built Environment: More Than Bricks and Mortar?. London: Taylor and Francis.
Janowsky, Everett. 2003. “Sense of Community and Participation in Urban Primary Health Care: A Preliminary Investigation from City Markets in Tegucigalpa.” PhD, Tulane University.
Jo Flage, Lex. 1999. “Building Sense of Community in Rural North Dakota Towns: Opportunities for Community Education Professionals.” PhD, North Dakota State University.
Jorgensen, Bradley S., and Richard C. Stedman. 2001. “SENSE of PLACE as an ATTITUDE: LAKESHORE OWNERS ATTITUDES TOWARD THEIR PROPERTIES.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 21(3): 233-248. doi: 10.1006/jevp.2001.0226.
Kaplan, Stephen. 1995. “The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward an Integrative Framework.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15(3): 169-182. doi: 10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2.
Kim, Joongsub. 2001. “Sense of Community in Neotraditional and Conventional Suburban Developments: A Comparative Case Study of Kentlands and Orchard Village.” PhD, University of Michigan.
Kim, Joongsub, and Rachel Kaplan. 2004. “Physical and Psychological Factors in Sense of Community.” Environment and Behavior 36(3): 313-340. doi: 10.1177/0013916503260236.
Kingma, Sytze. 2019. “New Ways of Working (NWW): Work Space and Cultural Change in Virtualizing Organizations.” Culture and Organization 25(5): 383-406. doi: 10.1080/14759551.2018.1427747.
Kuo, Frances E., William C. Sullivan, Rebekah L. Coley, and Liesette Brunson. 1998. “Fertile Ground for Community: Inner-City Neighborhood Common Spaces.” American Journal of Community Psychology 26(6): 823-51. doi: 10.1023/A:1022294028903.
Kwon, Minyoung, Hilde Remøy, Andy van den Dobbelsteen, and Ulrich Knaack. 2019. “Personal Control and Environmental User Satisfaction in Office Buildings: Results of Case Studies in the Netherlands.” Building and Environment 149: 428-35. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.021.
Larsen, Soren, and Jay Johnson. 2012. “Toward an Open Sense of Place: Phenomenology, Affinity, and the Question of Being.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3(102): 623-646.
Lawson, Bryan. 2001. The Language of Space. Oxford: Architectural.
Leyden, Kevin M. 2003. “Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods.” American journal of public health 93(9): 1546-1551. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.9.1546.
Lizak, Maria V. 2003. “Sense of Community Among Ukrainian Catholic Young Adults : A Qualitative View.” PhD, The University of Saskatchewan.
Lizzo, Robin, and T. Liechty. 2022. “The Hogwarts Running Club and Sense of Community: A Netnography of a Virtual Community.” Leisure Sciences 44(7): 959-976. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2020.1755751.
Long, D. A., and Douglas D. Perkins. 2003. “Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI.” J. Community Psychol. 31(3): 279-96. doi: 10.1002/jcop.10046.
Lund, Hollie. 2002. “Pedestrian Environments and Sense of Community.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 21(3): 301-12. doi: 10.1177/0739456X0202100307.
Mannarini, Terri, Stefano Tartaglia, Angela Fedi, and Katiuscia Greganti. 2006. “Image of Neighborhood, Self-Image and Sense of Community.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 26(3): 202-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.07.008.
McMillan, David W., and David M. Chavis. 1986. “Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory.” J. Community Psychol. 14(1): 6-23. doi: 10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1%3C6:AID-JCOP2290140103%3E3.0.CO;2-I.
Nadkarni, Rohit R., and Bimal Puthuvayi. 2020. “A Comprehensive Literature Review of Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods in Heritage Buildings.” Journal of Building Engineering 32: 101814. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101814.
Nasar, Jack L. 1994. “Urban Design Aesthetics.” Environment and Behavior 26(3): 377-401. doi: 10.1177/001391659402600305.
Plas, Jeanne M., and Susan E. Lewis. 1996. “Environmental Factors and Sense of Community in a Planned Town.” American Journal of Community Psychology 2(1): 109-143. doi: 10.1007/BF02511884.
Pretty, Grace H., Heather M. Chipuer, and Paul Bramston. 2003. “Sense of Place Amongst Adolescents and Adults in Two Rural Australian Towns: The Discriminating Features of Place Attachment, Sense of Community and Place Dependence in Relation to Place Identity.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 23(3): 273-87. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00079-8.
Rezaei, Jafar. 2015. “Best-Worst Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method.” Omega 53: 49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2014.11.009.
Ru, Taotao, Yvonne A. de Kort, Karin C. Smolders, Qingwei Chen, and Guofu Zhou. 2019. “Non-Image Forming Effects of Illuminance and Correlated Color Temperature of Office Light on Alertness, Mood, and Performance Across Cognitive Domains.” Building and Environment 149: 253-63. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.002.
Sadick, Abdul-Manan, and Imriyas Kamardeen. 2020. “Enhancing Employees’ Performance and Well-Being with Nature Exposure Embedded Office Workplace Design.” Journal of Building Engineering 32: 101789. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101789.
Semenza, Jan C. 2003. “The Intersection of Urban Planning, Art, and Public Health: The Sunnyside Piazza.” American journal of public health 93(9): 1439-41. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1439.
Shafik, S., and S. El Bayar. 2013. “New Urbanism and Sense of Community in New Egyptian Settlements: Case Study – El Sherouq City, Egypt.” In Sustainable Development and Planning VI, edited by C. A. Brebbia and E. Beriatos, 311-22. WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment: WIT PressSouthampton, UK.
Simonsen, Kirsten. 2013. “In Quest of a New Humanism.” Progress in Human Geography 37(1): 10-26. doi: 10.1177/0309132512467573.
Snyder, C. R., Adrian T. Fisher, Christopher C. Sonn, and Brian J. Bishop, eds. 2002. Psychological Sense of Community. The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer US.
Sonn, Christopher C., and Adrian T. Fisher. 1996. “Psychological Sense of Community in a Politically Constructed Group.” J. Community Psychol. 24(4): 417-30. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199610)24:4%3C417:AID-JCOP9%3E3.0.CO;2-Q.
Stephenson, Janet. 2010. “People and Place.” Planning Theory and Practice 11(1): 9-21. doi: 10.1080/14649350903549878.
Stevens, Edward B., Leonard A. Jason, and Joseph R. Ferrari. 2011. “Measurement Performance of the Sense of Community Index in Substance Abuse Recovery Communal Housing.” Australian community psychologist (Online) 23(2): 135-147.
Stewart, Katricia, and Greg Townley. 2020. “How Far Have We Come? An Integrative Review of the Current Literature on Sense of Community and Well-Being.” American Journal of Community Psychology 66(1-2): 166-89. doi: 10.1002/ajcp.12456.
Thuesen, Vale. 2002. “Social Support, Sense of Community and Self-Perceived Health. MSN Thesis,.” MSN, Gonzaga University.
Ulrich, Roger S., Robert F. Simons, Barbara D. Losito, Evelyn Fiorito, Mark A. Miles, and Michael Zelson. 1991. “Stress Recovery During Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 11(3): 201-230. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7.
Warde, Alan, Gindo Tampubolon, and Mike Savage. 2005. “Recreation, Informal Social Networks and Social Capital.” Journal of Leisure Research 37(4): 402-25.
Wood, Lisa, Lawrence D. Frank, and Billie Giles-Corti. 2010. “Sense of Community and Its Relationship with Walking and Neighborhood Design.” Social science and medicine (1982) 70(9): 1381-90. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.021.
Zhang, Yuanyuan, Dayi Ou, and Shengxian Kang. 2021. “The Effects of Masking Sound and Signal-to-Noise Ratio on Work Performance in Chinese Open-Plan Offices.” Applied Acoustics 172: 107657. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107657.
Zhu, Yue. 2014. “Building a Community of Our Own: How Can the Built Environment Help? Neighborhood Communal Space and Community Participation in Chinese Urban Communities.” PhD, University Of Illinois.