تبیین جایگاه ماده در مراتب ادراکی فضاهای مساجد عصر صفویه، مبتنی ‌بر آرای ملاصدرا، مطالعه موردی: مسجد شیخ لطف ‌الله

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

3 دانشیار گروه معماری، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2022.294923.2539

چکیده

ادراک معنا در معماری عصر صفوی، نیازمند بررسی تفکرات فلاسفه شیعی‌ آن دوره است، که یکی از مهم‌ترین آن‌ها نظریه حرکت ‌جوهری است. در دید فلاسفه اسلامی، حقیقت ادراک در محدود مرتبه مادی خلاصه نمی‌شود؛ اما ماده با تکیه بر نظریه حرکت جوهری می‌تواند امکان درک معانی را، در مراتب مختلف فراهم سازد. مساجد صفوی، مجلای این تفکر در معماری هستند. مراتب ‌ادراک در مساجد صفوی ازجمله مسجد شیخ‌ لطف‌الله، متکی ‌بر نظریه حرکت ‌جوهری ملاصدرا، تأکید بر حرکت ادراک از هستِ ماده به نیستِ ماده دارد، که زمینه طی کردن مراتب ‌ادراکی از ظاهر به باطن را فراهم می‌سازد. از این رو پژوهش حاضر بین‌رشته‌ای، کیفی و موردپژوهی است. در بخش "مبانی ‌نظری" با بررسی جایگاه ماده در مباحث معرفتی ملاصدرا و ارتباطش با اصل حرکت، سه رکن در مراتب‌ ادراکی مساجد صفوی تبیین شده‌ است؛ سپس در مسجد شیخ ‌لطف‌الله نوع ادراک (با توجه به مراتب‌ ادراکی‌ ملاصدرا) در هر رکن مورد بررسی قرار گرفته، تا بر اساس هدف اصلی این پژوهش، جایگاه ماده و کالبد در ادراک‌ مساجد عصرصفوی روشن شود. با عنایت به اصل حرکت از ماده به معنا، پرسش کلیدی این است که، ماده در هر یک از مراتب ‌ادراکی مساجد صفوی چه جایگاهی دارد؟ و نظریه حرکت‌ جوهری ملاصدرا، چگونه در مراتب‌ ادراکی مساجد صفوی نمود دارد؟ نتایج نشان می‌دهد که با توجه به جایگاه ماده در ادراک، درک‌ معنا در مساجد عصر صفویه و ویژه مسجد شیخ لطف‌الله شامل سه رکن سکون، حرکت و وحدت است، که با مراتب ‌ادراکی ملاصدرا هم‌خوانی دارد. در رکن سکون و ‌پایین‌ترین مرتبه ادراکی (به دلیل عجین بودن با ماده)، ادراکات به امور‌ حسی محدود می‌شود؛ اما در رکن حرکت، به واسطه قوه خیال، امکان برداشت معنوی از امور مادی فراهم می‌شود؛ و نهایتاً در رکن وحدت، با وجود نور و شفافیت فضا، ناظر با حقیقت فضا یکی شده و شامل ادراکات ‌عقلی می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Explanation of Matter Importance in Perceptual Hierarchies of Safavid Era Mosques’ Spaces based on the Mulla Sadra’s Views; Case Study: Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdi Baniasadi Baghmirani 1
  • Seyyed Behshid Hosseini 2
  • Azadeh Shahcheraghi 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Associate Professor of Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Meaning perception in the architecture of the Safavid Era requires reviewing the thoughts of Shiite philosophers of that time. Substantial motion theory is one of the most important thinking schools of that era. According to Islamic philosophy, the truth of perception is not limited to material hierarchy, while the matter can provide the field for understanding meanings at different hierarchies by relying on the substantial motion theory. Safavid Mosques represent this thought in architecture. Perception hierarchies in Safavid mosques, including Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, rely on the substantial motion theory of Mulla Sadra- emphasis on perception movement from the existence of the matter or substance to inexistence- providing the field for journeying the perceptual hierarchies from appearance to the essence. Therefore, this is multidisciplinary, qualitative, and case-study research. In the theoretical foundations part, this study explained three pillars in the perceptual hierarchies of Safavid Mosques by examining the importance of the matter in epistemological topics proposed by Mula Sadra and its relationship with the motion principle. The type of perception in Sheikh Lotfollah was then investigated in each pillar to find the importance of matter and body in the perception of mosques in the Safavid Era regarding the main purpose of this study. According to the principle of journeying from matter to meaning, the main question is about the importance of the matter in each perceptual hierarchy of Safavid Mosques. It is also asked how the substantial motion theory by Mulla Sadra is manifested in perceptual hierarchies of the Safavid Era. In terms of the importance of the matter in the perception, the results indicate that meaning perception in Safavid mosques, particularly Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque includes three pillars (stillness, motion, and unity), which are consistent with perceptual hierarchies of Mulla Sadra. In the stillness pillar, which is the least perceptual hierarchy (because of being mixed with matter), perceptions are confined to sensory issues. In the motion pillar, however, imagination power allows for achieving a spiritual perception of material affairs. Finally, in the unity pillar, light and transparency of space allow the audience to be united with the space's reality. The last pillar includes intellectual perceptions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Matter
  • Perceptual Hierarchies
  • Substantial Motion
  • Architecture of Mosque
  • Mulla Sadra

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 02 شهریور 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 05 آبان 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 27 آذر 1400

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