بررسی نمود گفتمان‌‌های عصر پهلوی اول در معماری بناهای عمومی این دوره در شهر تبریز بر اساس تئوری میشل فوکو

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری معماری، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه معماری، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

3 استادیار گروه معماری، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.

4 دانشیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2023.277528.2446

چکیده

معماری در دوره‌های مختلف تاریخی مفاهیمی را متناسب با زمانِ خود از طریق کالبد و محتوا به تصویر کشیده و پیامدهای سیاسی، فرهنگی و تاریخی را به مخاطب انتقال داده است. در این رابطه با توجه به تئوری قدرت میشل فوکو، در پی اهداف سیاسی، کل ساختار جامعه زیر سایه‌ی گفتمان‌های غالب دگرگون شده و برای نیل به قدرتِ سیاسیِ حاکمان یکپارچه می‌گردند که معماری نیز از این قاعده مستثنی نخواهد بود. در دوره‌ی پهلوی اول که دوره‌ی گذر از سنت به مدرنیته بود نیز در نتیجه‌ی تحولات سیاسی گرایشات مختلفی در معماری به وجود آمد. بررسیِ نحوه‌یِ پیرویِ معماری از این تغییرات و نحوه‌‌ی پاسخ به آن از طریق فهم مسأله‌ی دولت مدرن در ایران، امری ضروری است. هدف اصلی در این پژوهش بررسی معماری به عنوان ابزارِ سامانه‌ی حکومتی و نحوه‌ی تأثیر عقلانیت و فنون حکومتی پهلوی اول بر اساس کالبدشناسی دولتی فوکو است. این تحقیق از نوع کیفی با رویکرد گفتمانی و تحلیل محتوا است و یافته‌‌های آن برآمده از منابع کتابخانه‌‌ای و مشاهدات میدانی است. در این پژوهش ابتدا دولت پهلوی بر اساس تئوری فوکو، در ادامه، نمود گفتمان‌های عصر پهلوی اول که شامل سنت‌گرایی، باستان‌گرایی، نظامی‌گرایی و مدرن‌گرایی است در معماری کاربری‌های آموزشی، اداری و خدماتی بر جای مانده در شهر تبریز از دوره‌‌ی پهلوی اول مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. از بحث حاصل در این پژوهش می‌‌توان دریافت که گفتمان‌‌های شکل‌گرفته در عصر پهلوی جزیی از ایدئولوژی‌‌های حکومت جهت نیل به اهداف سیاسی خود چون تسلط بر جامعه، اقتدارگرایی، مسأله‌ی هویت و یکپارچگی ملی و تجددطلبی بوده و در معماری با الهام از معماری دیکتاتورمآبانه‌ی نئوکلاسیک، تقلید از غرب، برآمدن کاربری‌های جدید جهت مدرنیزه کردن سیستم کار، سازماندهی فضایی نوین، نماهای الهام‌گرفته از عظمت معماری باستان، قرارگیری بناهای دولتی حول میدان که بر تمرکزگرایی و برون‌گرایی تأکید داشت، نمایان شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

An Analysis of Manifestation of First Pahlavi’s Discourses in the Architecture of Public Buildings in Tabriz Using Michel Foucault’s Theory

نویسندگان [English]

  • Noushin Ghorbani 1
  • Sahar Toofan 2
  • Habib Shahhosseini 3
  • Nima Valizadehd 3
  • Hassan Sattari Sarbangoli 4
1 Ph.D. Candidate of Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Assistant Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
4 Associate Professor of Architecture and Urbanization, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

In different historical eras, architecture has illustrated some concepts based on their times through the space and content conveying political, cultural, and historical implications to the audience. According to Michel Foucault’s theory, in pursuit of the political goals of government, the whole structure of society is transformed under the shadow of dominant discourses and integrated to achieve the political power of the rulers. The architecture has also been affected. Various political orientations appeared in architecture during the First Pahlavi era when Iran transited from tradition to modernity. It is essential to examine how architecture follows these changes and how to responses it by understanding the modern government in Iran. This study aims to investigate architecture as an apparatus for the government system and examine the effect of rationality and governmental techniques of First Pahlavi on Foucault’s state anatomy. This is a qualitative study with a discourse approach and content analysis, and its findings are derived from library sources and field observations. In this research, the Pahlavi government was investigated based on Foucault’s Theory, and then the manifestation of the First Pahlavi era's discourses was examined. The mentioned discourses included traditionalism, archaism, militarism, and modernism or modernity in the architecture of educational, administrative, and service uses in Tabriz remained from the first Pahlavi era. According to the results of this study, the discourses that appeared in the Pahlavi era have been a part of the regime's ideology to achieve its goals, such as dominance over the society, authoritarianism, identity, national integrity, and modernity. These discourses have appeared in the architecture inspired by the dictator neoclassic architecture, imitating the West, advent of new uses for modernization of work system, modern spatial organization, the façades inspired by the ancient architecture, placement of public building around the square emphasizing centralism and objectivism.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Modern Government
  • First Pahlavi
  • Discourse
  • Michel Foucault’s Theory
  • Public Buildings of Tabriz
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