تحلیل محتوای سایت طراحی به وسیله عکاسی سریع توسط دانشجویان (قیاس تطبیقی ایران و ترکیه)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران.

2 پژوهشگر دوره تخصصی دکتری معماری منظر، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

در برنامه آموزشی دروس معماری کشور کمتر توجه ای به بسترهای اجتماعی- فرهنگی در فرآیند تحلیل سایت می شود. عکاسی از روش های کارآمد ارتباطی است که دانشجویان را قادر می سازد، آگاهی‌های اجتماعی خود را از محیط شهری بیان نمایند. اما تاکنون از این ابزار بیشتر به عنوان نوعی وسیله توصیفی در معماری استفاده شده است. پیشنهاد این نوشتار این است که عکاسی به صورت کامل تری می تواند در تحلیل سایت طراحی به وسیله فرآیندهای تفسیری و "خواندن" تصاویر و به مثابه فرآیند "تفسیر و استخراج" مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. روش پژوهش مورد استفاده در این نوشتار از نوع پژوهش کیفی در رویکردی استنتاجی است که با پیمایش اجتماعی و مورد پژوهی نیز تلفیق شده است. این تحقیق ضمن ارائه روش شناسی پژوهش بصری به عنوان راهبرد شناخته شده در مطالعات اجتماعی، امکان استفاده از عکاسی به مثابه نوعی تحقیق بصری را جهت ارتقای شناخت و فهم بهتر محتوای بستر طراحی ممکن ساخته است. روش پیشنهادی در عمل در میان جمعی از دانشجویان ایرانی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته و نتایج آن مورد تحلیل و قیاس تطبیقی با نمونه مشابه آن در ترکیه واقع شده است. نتایج حاصل از این بررسی نشان دادند که از نظر محتوایی دانشجویان ایرانی برخلاف دانشجویان ترکی توجه کمتری به رفتار مردم، نوع زندگی و علائم شهری دارند و در عوض به سنت، بافت های قدیمی و گذشته عکس‌العمل‌های بیشتری نشان میدهند و از نظر مفهومی نوع تفاسیر دانشجویان ترکی، انتقادی است. در حالی که دانشجویان ایرانی کمتر دارای دیدگاه و نقطه‌نظر انتقادی حاصل از بینش فردی خود هستند و نگاه آنان اغلب توصیفی است. به بیان دیگر دانشجویان ایرانی به کالبد بیشتر از محتوای اجتماعی توجه می نمایند که می تواند تحت تأثیر"قیود آموزشی- دانشگاهی" و"قیود ارزشی- فرهنگی" جامعه باشد. با این حال دانشجویان با استفاده از این روش می توانند با موضوعات اجتماعی و عمومی تر سایت آشنا و درگیر شده و بدین ترتیب جنبه های غیر ملموس بستر نیز مورد توجه بیشتری قرار خواهد گرفت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Students’ Site Content Analysis Using Snapshot Photography (Comparative Study of Iran & Turkey)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Faizi 1
  • Ali Asadpour 2
1 Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2 Ph.D candidate in Landscape Architecture School of Architecture and Enviromental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

In the process of architecture design education in Iran, less attention is paid to socialcultural contexts during site analyses. Hence, the problem oriented approach to design process aims to consider architecture as a more public activity that provides potentials for contemplating many environmental and social attributes in the design process education. Photography could be considered as an efficient communicational method in site analysis that enables students to represent their social knowledge about the urban environment. Nevertheless, photos have so far been used as a descriptive tool in architecture rather than an analytic or critical one. This study points out that photography could be used more thoroughly in the context of site analysis through an interpretive process of ‘reading’ images, a process which fits within a paradigm of visual literacy, but moves beyond a simplistic, semiotic ‘decoding’ of imagery. ‘Reading’, in this context, is considered to be a process of interpretation concerned with complexity, which refers to a process of interpretation and elicitation. The multi-research methods have been used in this paper. Qualitative method was used for the first part of the study to establish a theoretical formwork for the research area. Case studies, in Iran & Turkey, were used for comparison of the two nations with regard to this issue. In this study, 17 students at Shiraz University and 21 students at the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz digitally photographed the built environment of Shiraz, Iran. They went through a process of key-wording and interpretation of their photographs as the 20 Turkish students had done in Toke et al in 2010. Participants were asked to use ‘snapshot’ approach to photography in order to record the direct responses of their engagement with the study area without spending too much time on composition and aesthetic aspects of the photos. Moreover, this approach not only makes it possible to represent the citizens’ natural behavior, which may change as they see themselves in front of the camera, but also brings some unwanted or unseen objects of the Urbanscape to the scene that could be useful for further interpretations. Then, they were asked to choose images from among the set of photographs they had produced during the initial exercise and interpret them in terms of their intentions in taking them and understandings of what they depicted. To facilitate interpretations of the photographs, the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire containing a series of open-ended questions. The open ended questions consisted of three parts: i) ‘Read’ this photo and tell us about it; ii) key-word the photos respectively using five words and iii) Why do you think the photographer chose this photo to present among the other photos? The first question is based on the term ‘reading a photo’ and asking the students to write a paragraph about their interpretations of each photo. The second one is about key-wording which is a selective process notunrelated to the process of choosing particular images to share and discuss. In this sense, key-wording is an akin to a process of framing which is valuable in narrowing down the number of available features in the photo. The final question asked the students about the photographers’ reason for selecting the photo. This question makes it possible to compare as if the shared familiarity of the study area lead to the same interpretations among the photographer and the observers. One of the most interesting aspects of the students’ photographs and interpretations is not so much that they addressed either material, or social/behavioral factors, but that they often addressed these together, uncovering multiple layers of meaning in the sites they referred to. It was found out that unlike the Turkish students, the Iranian students had not placed enough emphasize on the people, social and cultural diversity. Instead, they had concentrated more on the tradition and the conflict between the tradition & the newer productions. Yet, two kinds of challenges were identified in this study. The first emerged from the ‘educational – academic constraints’ which pays less attention to urban spaces, social and behavioral activities in architecture education. It also leads to fewer comments’ from the observers on visual irregularities and diffusions in managing signboards, urban graffiti and façade designs. The second which could be named as ‘cultural constraints’, is derived from the cultural legacies and historical attachments which causes observers to be more sensitive to rehabilitation and revitalization rather than new buildings. This paper suggests that this process could help both the teachers and the students to define the site contents. Moreover, it could provide a tool for assessing the results of design projects using the social- cultural attributes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Site Analysis
  • Visual Research
  • Social Properties
  • Snapshot Photography
  • Urbanscape
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