Investigation and Analysis of the Effects of Land Use and Transportation Network Planning on Energy Consumption in the City; Case Study: “35-Hectare Area” in Hashtgerd New Town

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, Faculty of Urban Development, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 M.A. of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, Faculty of Urban Development, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The rapid and increasing growth of urbanization and the subsequent increase in population of cities have led to different consequences in various fields. Among the most important consequences is the increase in demand for energy resources, which can be considered from two aspects: first, limited renewable energy resources and second, environmental pollutions caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. On the other hand, public awareness of the above aspects has led to emergence of new approaches such as sustainable development, smart growth, etc. in urbanism and revealed the attention to the issue of energy efficiency in urbanism. The concept of energy consumption in the city is related to various components, one of which is street network and transportation, which in relation to the issue of land use, affect energy consumption in this sector (about 30% of energy consumption in cities). So far, several studies have been conducted in the field of energy consumption, but few quantitative studies have been done in Iran. In the present study, first the theoretical foundations in the field of energy and transportation planning are examined, and then the components affecting energy consumption in transportation sector are discussed. In the next step, three scenarios are proposed for a 35-hectares unbuilt area in Hashtgerd New Town (known as “35-Hectare Area” in the national documents), and at the end, for all scenarios, the energy consumption is evaluated by measuring the energy indices of transportation and land use using Communityviz software. To determine the degree of integration of passages, space syntax technique and Depth Map software are used. The results show that there is a direct relationship between the form of transportation network, urban land-use, and energy consumption such that by changing the form of transportation network, developing integrated transportation, and changing the land-use distribution, energy consumption in transportation sector can be reduced up to 35%.

Keywords

References

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UN-Habitat. (2009). Sustainable Energy Planning, ICLEI, Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=555&cid=5607American planning Association (APA)(2006). Planning and Urban Design Standard, London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Caves, R. (2005). The Encyclopedia of the City, London: Routeldge.
Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity, and Design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6
Dobbelsteen Van den, A., & Tillie, N. (2009). Towards CO2 Neural City Planning and Low-energy Redevelopment-Presenting the Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning, Fifth Urban Research Symposium.
Haughton, M., & Hunter, M. (1994). Sustainable Cities, London, Kingsley Press.
Khalil, H.A.E.E. (2009). Energy Efficiency Strategies in Urban Planning of Cites, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 7th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, August, Denver, Colorado. https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=hebakhalil/publications/energy-efficiency-strategies-urban-planning-cities
Kwon, E., & Leather, J.A. (2006). Urban Transport Energy Efficiency, Technical note, Regional and Sustainable Development Department, Asian Development Bank (ADB).
Lantsberg, A. (2005). Sustainable Urban Energy Planning, A Roadmap for Research and Funding, California, California Energy Commission. 
Leitman, J. (1999). Sustaining Cities: Environmental Planning and Management in Urban Design, London: McGraw-Hill.
Mitchell, G. (2005). Urban Development, Form and Energy use in Buildings: A Review for the Solutions Project, EPSRC.
Morris, C., & Pehnt, M. (2016). Energy Transition the German Energiewende. Heinrich Böll Foundation, Available form: http://energytransition.de/wp-content/themes/boell/pdf/en/German-Energy-Transition_en.pdf (Accessed 21 August 2015) 
Okeil, A. (2010). A Holistic Approach to Energy Efficient Building Forms. Energy and Buildings, 42, 1437-1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.03.013
Omer, A.M. (2008). Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9).
Steemers, K. (2003). Energy and the City: Density, Buildings and Transport. Energy and Buildings, 35(1), 3-14. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00075-0
TOD Standards. (2017). R.cervero and Colleagues, Institue for Transportation Developent and Policy.
UN-Habitat. (2009). Sustainable Energy Planning, ICLEI, Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=555&cid=5607
American planning Association (APA)(2006). Planning and Urban Design Standard, London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Caves, R. (2005). The Encyclopedia of the City, London: Routeldge.
Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity, and Design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6
Dobbelsteen Van den, A., & Tillie, N. (2009). Towards CO2 Neural City Planning and Low-energy Redevelopment-Presenting the Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning, Fifth Urban Research Symposium.
Haughton, M., & Hunter, M. (1994). Sustainable Cities, London, Kingsley Press.
Khalil, H.A.E.E. (2009). Energy Efficiency Strategies in Urban Planning of Cites, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 7th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, August, Denver, Colorado. https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=hebakhalil/publications/energy-efficiency-strategies-urban-planning-cities
Kwon, E., & Leather, J.A. (2006). Urban Transport Energy Efficiency, Technical note, Regional and Sustainable Development Department, Asian Development Bank (ADB).
Lantsberg, A. (2005). Sustainable Urban Energy Planning, A Roadmap for Research and Funding, California, California Energy Commission. 
Leitman, J. (1999). Sustaining Cities: Environmental Planning and Management in Urban Design, London: McGraw-Hill.
Mitchell, G. (2005). Urban Development, Form and Energy use in Buildings: A Review for the Solutions Project, EPSRC.
Morris, C., & Pehnt, M. (2016). Energy Transition the German Energiewende. Heinrich Böll Foundation, Available form: http://energytransition.de/wp-content/themes/boell/pdf/en/German-Energy-Transition_en.pdf (Accessed 21 August 2015) 
Okeil, A. (2010). A Holistic Approach to Energy Efficient Building Forms. Energy and Buildings, 42, 1437-1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.03.013
Omer, A.M. (2008). Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9).
Steemers, K. (2003). Energy and the City: Density, Buildings and Transport. Energy and Buildings, 35(1), 3-14. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00075-0
TOD Standards. (2017). R.cervero and Colleagues, Institue for Transportation Developent and Policy.
UN-Habitat. (2009). Sustainable Energy Planning, ICLEI, Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=555&cid=5607
Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development
Volume 13, Issue 31
September 2020
Pages 271-286

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History

  • Receive Date: 07 March 2018
  • Revise Date: 29 April 2018
  • Accept Date: 13 May 2018

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