بازشناسی ابعاد و ویژگی‌های فضای شهری معنویت‌گرا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکترای شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

3 دانشیار گروه علوم قرآن و حدیث، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

4 استاد گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2022.343355.2670

چکیده

وجود انسان دارای دو بعد معنوی (روحانی) و مادی (جسمانی) است و باتوجه به این‌که شهرها و فضاهای شهری بستر زندگی انسان هستند، مطالعه و برنامه‌ریزی آینده شهرها مستلزم توجه به هر دو جنبه وجودی انسان اعم از ابعاد کالبدی و اقتصادی و نیز ابعاد روانی و معنوی است. نگاه مادی گرایانه دوران مدرنیسم و عدم توجه کافی به اصول، روش‌ها و آموزه‌های معنوی و اخلاقی در محافل دانشگاهی، توسعه‌های شهری و ساخت فضاهای شهری موجب بحران معنویت در شهرها شده ‌است. چالش شهرهای امروزی این است که چگونه می‌توان ابعاد معنوی و درونی انسان را با شهرسازی و طراحی فضای شهری پیوند داد و بر کیفیت ادراک و تجربه انسان از فضای شهری تأثیر گذاشت. این پژوهش با هدف شناخت ابعاد و ویژگی‌های فضای شهری معنوی و بررسی نقش معنویت در ساخت فضای شهری انجام شده است. در بخش مطالعه ادبیات موضوع، از روش مرور سیستماتیک در پایگاه اسکوپوس بر اساس جستجوی دو واژه «فضای شهری» و «معنویت» و روش گلوله برفی برای شناسایی تحقیقات مرتبط با موضوع معنویت بهره گرفته است. در راستای تدقیق چارچوب نظری و ترسیم مدل مفهومی، با 51 نفر از اساتید رشته‌های شهرسازی، معماری، جامعه‌شناسی، علوم قرآن و حدیث، روان‌شناسی و فلسفه بر اساس روش دلفی مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختار یافته، و با 21 نفر از شهروندان (بر اساس دستیابی به اشباع داده) مصاحبه عمیق انجام شده‌ است. در نهایت منابع و مصاحبه‌ها با روش تحلیل مضمون، تحلیل و شبکه مضامین استخراج شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد فضای شهری معنوی در زمینه‌ای مبتنی بر باورهای دینی یا غیردینی شکل می‌گیرد (زمینه پیشینی) و سازنده هویت اجتماعی و فرهنگی آن شهر و زمینه‌ساز ایجاد فضای شهری معنوی است که در بعد کارکردی دارای یکی از مولفه‌ها شامل کاربری‌های مقدس و هویتمند، راه‌ها و مسیرهای مقدس؛ در بعد کالبدی معماری هویتمند یا مقدس، مصالح، رنگ‌ها و هنر عمومی معنادار؛ در بعد ادراکی نمادها و نشانه‌های فرهنگی اجتماعی مذهبی، منظر صوتی مقدس و معنادار، رنگ تعلق اجتماعات به فضاهای شهری؛ در بعد بصری منظر فرهنگی، منظر مقدس، منظر سبز، حس شکوه، تقدس، وحدت و تواضع؛ در بعد اجتماعی و فرهنگی، هویت فرهنگی و رویدادهای مختلف فرهنگی مذهبی و اجتماعی خاص در یک جامعه چندفرهنگی منسجم؛ در ابعاد طبیعی، هویت زیست‌محیطی و طبیعی، عناصر طبیعی؛ و در بعد زمان، کاربری‌های مذهبی فرهنگی زمان‌مند و حس زمان در بافت‌های کهن و تاریخی است. تجربه و ادراک فضاهای شهری معنوی بر افراد تأثیرات مختلفی دارد( اثرات پسینی) که شامل ارتباط مطلوب با خدا، خود، طبیعت و دیگران است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Explaining the dimensions and criteria of Spiritual Urban Spaces

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elham Ghasemi 1
  • Seyed mahdi Khatami 2
  • Mahdi Motia 3
  • Mohammad Reza Pourjafar 4
1 PhD. Student of Urbanism, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department of Urban Design and Urban planning, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran.
2 Faculty of Art and Architetcure, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor of Quran and Hadith Sciences, University of Isfahan.
4 Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The momentum of the new resurgent urbanism urgently needs to find new ways of designing in harmony with nature and culture due to spirituality. Insufficient attention to spiritual and moral principles, methods or teachings in urban development has exacerbated this issue .The research method of literature review is the systematic review. In order to refine the theoretical framework and draw a conceptual model, the Delphi method and semi-structured interviews with 51 professors of urban planning, architecture, Quran and hadith science, and 21 interviews with people have been used. Finally, literature review and interviews with professors are analyzed by the thematic analysis method to generate initial codes, review and define themes and finally draw the thematic network of data.
The results show that the spiritual urban space is formed in a context that is based on religious or non-religious beliefs and each of these contexts leads to the formation of socio-cultural identity. These values and socio-cultural identity are the basis for the creation of spiritual urban spaces that have one of the elements of sacred or identity architecture in the physical dimensions, meaningful colors and materials and public art; In the visual dimensions, the sense of glory, unity, sacredness, humility, cultural landscape, sacred landscape and green landscape; In the perceptual dimensions of religious and cultural symbols and signs, the sacred sound landscape; In functional dimensions, sacred paths, sacred uses; In the natural dimensions of the environment, natural elements and environmental identity of the region; In socio-cultural dimensions, cultural identity, cultural and social events in a cohesive multicultural society; And in the dimension of time, the sense of time in historical contexts and religious-cultural uses are temporal. Perception and experience of such spaces have different effects on individuals, which include the person's optimal relationship with God, self, others and nature.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Spirituality
  • Spiritual Urban Space
  • Spiritual city
  • Spiritual Environment
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