سنجش خلاقیت در شکل‌گیری ایده‌های اولیه با استفاده از دست‌نگاره در فرآیند طراحی معماری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

3 استاد گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2021.249807.2318

چکیده

حصول شناخت از روند طراحی و اتفاقاتی که در جریان فرآیند طراحی معماران حرفه‌ای رخ می‌دهد می‌تواند کمک بزرگی در بالا بردن دانش طراحی داشته باشد. یکی از مسائلی که امروزه در عرصه دانشگاهی و هم‌چنین حرفه‌ای ایران مشاهده می‌‌شود، عدم شناخت کافی از این گونه از مباحث و بهره‌گیری از نتایج این قبیل پژوهش‌ها است. مطالعه خلاقیت در فرآیند طراحی معماران که به خلاقیت موقعیت‌مند مشهور است، بخش قابل توجهی از مطالعات در حوزه فرآیند طراحی را به خود اختصاص می‌دهد. تمامی فرآیندهای طراحی که در مرحله ایده‌پردازی توسط معماران حرفه‌ای طی می‌شود، از میزانِ یکسانی از خلاقیت برخوردار نیستند و مطالعه بر فرآیندهایی که از میزان مطلوب خلاقیت برخوردار هستند قطعاً ارزش بیش‌تری خواهد داشت. پژوهش حاضر، با هدف سنجش میزان خلاقیت در مرحله ایده‌پردازی فرآیند طراحی معماران حرفه‌ای ایرانی شکل گرفته است. در این راستا، مرحله ایده‌پردازی فرآیند طراحی هشت معمار حرفه‌ای ایرانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این معماران در روند ایده‌پردازی خود از دست‌نگاره‌ها که شامل اسکیس‌های دست آزاد و دیاگرام‌ها است، استفاده کرده بودند. روش تحقیق تحلیل پروتکل با استفاده از گونه شفاهی‌سازی عطف به ماسبق و روش تحلیل لینکوگرافی، روش‌های پژوهش در این مطالعه را شکل می‌دهند. تفکر واگرا- همگرا از طریق تحلیل کمّی لینکوگراف و بصیرت‌‌های خلاق از طریق تحلیل ساختار لینکوگراف در فرآیند طراحی معماران مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. یافته‌‌های تحلیل، میزان مطلوبی از خلاقیت را در روند طراحی بعضی از معماران نشان می‌‌داد. این امر نشان از آن داشت که کنترل تفکر همگرا و واگرا که در یک معمار حرفه‌ای به صورتی ناخودآگاه شکل می‌‌گیرد، می‌تواند نقش بسیار تعیین‌کننده‌ای در مطلوبیت خلاقیت و بالطبع مطلوبیت مرحله ایده‌پردازی روند طراحی داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Measuring the Creativity in the Formation of Initial Ideas Using Hand Drawing in the Architectural Design Process

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shirin Aghayan 1
  • Seyyed Hadi Ghoddusifar 2
  • Seyyed Gholamreza Eslami 3
1 Ph.D. in Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Gaining knowledge of the design process and the events that occur during the design process of professional architects can greatly help increase design knowledge. One of the problems observed in the Iranian academic and professional fields nowadays, is the lack of sufficient knowledge of such topics and the use of the results of such research. The study of creativity in the design process of architects, known as Situated Creativity (S-creativity) occupies a significant part of studies in the field of the design process. All the design processes gone through the idea generation stage by professional architects do not have the same level of creativity, and studying the processes including the optimal level of creativity will definitely be more valuable. The current study aims to measure the level of creativity in the ideation stage among Iranian professional architects. In this regard, the ideation stage in the design process gone through by eight Iranian professional architects is investigated. These architects used sketches, including freehand sketches and diagrams, in their ideation process. The protocol analysis using retroactive verbalization, and linkographic analysis are the research methods used in this study. Divergent-convergent thinking and creative insights were measured in architects' design process through quantitative analysis of Linkograph and analysis of Linkograph structure.. The findings indicate a good level of creativity in the design process of some architects, indicating that the control of convergent and divergent thinking, which is formed unconsciously in the mind of a professional architect, can play a very decisive role in the desirability of creativity and of course, the desirability of the ideation stage in the design process.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Creativity
  • Protocol Analysis
  • Linkography
  • Creative Insight
  • Divergent-convergent Thinking
جهانبخش، بهاره، و مرتضی پورمحمدی. 1397. بررسی تاثیر تکنولوژی در دسترس بر نحوه‌ی تفکر طراحان محصول مبتدی و حرفه‌ای با استفاده از روش لینکوگرافی. نشریه هنرهای زیبا- هنرهای تجسمی 23 (2):111-118.
لاوسون، برایان. 1395. طراحان چه می‌دانند. ترجمه حمید ندیمی، فرهاد شریعت راد و فرزانه باقی زاده. تهران: مرکز چاپ و انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
Akin, Omer, and Cem Akin. 1996. “Frames of Reference in Architectural Design Analyzing the Hyper-Acclamation (A-h-a-!).” Design Studies 17, no. 4: 341-361. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.684.3069&rep=rep1&type=pdf Accessed Aug 9,2022.
Boden, margaret A. 2004. The creative mind: myths and mechanisms. London and New York: Routledge. http://www.tribuneschoolchd.com/uploads/tms/files/1595167242-the-creative-mind-pdfdrive-com-.pdf.
Cross, Nigel. 1997. “Creativity in Design:Analyzing and Modeling the Creative Leap.” Leonardo 30, no. 4: 311-317. 
Cross, Nigel. 2001. “Design cognition: results from protocol and other empirical studies of design activity.” In Design knowing and learning: cognition in design education, edited by C Eastman, M McCracken, W Newstetter, 79-103. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. http://oro.open.ac.uk/3285/1/Design%20Cognition.pdf
Dorst, Kees. 2019. “Design beyond Design.” The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 5, no. 2: 117-127. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405872618300790
Dorst, Kees. 2006. “Design Problems and Design paradoxes.” Design Issues 22, no. 3: 4-17. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/4866/3/2006004859.pdf
Dorst, Kees, and Judith Dijkhuis. 1995. “Comparing paradigms for describing design activity.” Design Studies 16, no. 2: 261-274.
Dorst, Kees, and Nigel Cross. 2001. “Creativity in the design process:co-evolution of problem-solution.” Design Studies 22, no. 5: 425-437. http://oro.open.ac.uk/3278/1/creativity_-_coevolution.pdf
Eckersley, Michael. 1988. “The form of design processes: a protocol analysis study.” Design Studies 9, no. 2: 86-94. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Eckersley/publication/243778116_The_Form_of_Design_Processes_a_protocol_analysis_study/links/59b0b1d4a6fdcc3f8889b673/The-Form-of-Design-Processes-a-protocol-analysis-study.pdf
El-Khouly, TAI, and A Penn. 2013. “Directed Linkography and syntactic analysis: comparing synchronous and diachronic effects of sudden emergence of creative insights on the structure of the design process.” In Proceedings of the Ninth International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by Y-O Kim, HT Park, KW Seo. Seoul: Sejong University. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1414845/2/SSS9_paper_El-Khouly&Penn.pdf
Goel, Vinod. 1995. Sketches of Thought. California: MIT Press.
Goldschmidt, Gabriela. 1992. “Criteria for design evaluation: A process oriented Paradigm.” In Evaluating and predicting design performance, edited by Y E. Kalay, 67-79. NY: John & Wiley Sons. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gabriela-Goldschmidt/publication/30870328_Criteria_for_Design_Evaluation_A_Process-Oriented_Paradigm/links/542a804d0cf27e39fa8ea10f/Criteria-for-Design-Evaluation-A-Process-Oriented-Paradigm.pdf
Goldschmidt, Gabriela. 2016. “Linkographic Evidence for Concurrent Divergent and Convergent Thinking in Creative Design.” Creativity Research Journal 28, no. 2: 115-122. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gabriela-Goldschmidt/publication/302633127_Linkographic_Evidence_for_Concurrent_Divergent_and_Convergent_Thinking_in_Creative_Design/links/5738d23508ae9ace840cfc46/Linkographic-Evidence-for-Concurrent-Divergent-and-Convergent-Thinking-in-Creative-Design.pdf
Goldschmidt, Gabriela. 2014. Linkography: Unfolding The Design Process. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Goldschmidt, Gabriela. 1995. “The designer as a team of one.” Design Studies 16, no. 2 (1995): 189-209.
Hatcher, G., W. Ion, R. Maclachlan, M. Marlow, B. Simpson, and N. Wilson. 2018. “Using linkography to compare creative methods for group ideation.” Design Studies 58: 127-152. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X18300395
Herrmann, Marnina Eden, and Gabriela Goldschmidth. 2018. “The Ins And Outs Of The Constraint-Creativity Relationship.” Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Design Creativity (ICDC2018). UK: University of Bath, https://www.designsociety.org/download-publication/40712/THE+INS+AND+OUTS+OF+THE+CONSTRAINT-+CREATIVITY+RELATIONSHIP
Howard, T., S. Culley, and E. Dekoninck. 2007. “Creativity in the Engineering Design Process.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Engineering Design, Paris, France, July 28.-31, 2007, https://www.designsociety.org/download-publication/25496/Creativity+in+the+Engineering+Design+Process
Maher, Mary Lou, and Hsien-Hui Tang. 2003. “Co-evolution as a computational and cognitive model of design.” Research in Engineering Design 14, no. 1: 47-64. https://ir.nctu.edu.tw/bitstream/11536/28133/1/000181594500005.pdf
Schon, Donald A. 1983. The Reflective Practitioner, How Peofessionals Think in Action. Basic Books.
Simon, Herbert A. 1969. The sciences of the artificial. London: The MIT Press.
Suwa, Masaki, John Gero, and Terry Purcell. 1999. “Unexpected discoveries and S-invention of design requirements: A key to creative designs.” In ments: A key to
creative designs, in J. S. Gero and M. L. Maher (eds), Computational Models of Creative Design IV, Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, edited by J. S. Gero and M. L. Maher, 297-320. Australia: University of Sydney. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Gero/publication/2322812_Unexpected_Discoveries_And_S-Invention_Of_Design_Requirements_A_Key_To_Creative_Designs/links/56574f2108ae1ef9297bae55/Unexpected-Discoveries-And-S-Invention-Of-Design-Requirements-A-Key-To-Creative-Designs.pdf
Suwa, Masaki, John Gero, and Terry Purcell. 2000. “Unexpected Discoveries and S-Invention of Design Requirements: Important Vehicles for a Design Process.” Design Studies 21, no. 6: 539-567. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.83.1476&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Taura, Toshiharu, and Yukari Nagai. 2013. Concept Generation for Design Creativity. London: Springer-Verlag.
Tschimmel, Katja. 2010. “Design as a Perception-in-Action Process.” In Design Creativity 2010, edited by Toshiharu Taura and Yukari Nagai, 223-230. London: Springer. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Katja-Tschimmel/publication/236135138_Design_as_a_Perception-in-Action_Process/links/0deec51646329cfcb7000000/Design-as-a-Perception-in-Action-Process.pdf
Tversky, Barbara, and Juliet Y. Chou. 2010. “Creativity:Depth and Breadth.” In Design Creativity 2010, edited by Toshiharu Taura and Yukari Nagai, 209-214. London: Springer-Verlag. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30726486/978-0-85729-224-7_Book_PDF-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1660153327&Signature=HicWiO6C3ubbyqvllTUOUTgD3-LtwilZBw3K14kgg5OOlAlcUZz4gHrgq8TtYgdClwgUhOqq~JzicyTKvrdgnRZCPfjfsor3fqUZjAlDGs5lbcrQNkbhLS94ZeotmWUpPKCrNQOLTd46geYLDcms9NYlYQFZyzJmRa66tyINyYdUadyMbZl8roYg-j3yFgWC8C41Y3HeWepPTwCUR~c-GBNOEHjo67B0jir6B~NGUpNZQ3byQUON00Z8wVMTWRhSgtMsh1g6P22icI8xNU6LO79nJO04pJWN0CV0VsL2bZ09MZngx77GGMPblPjzR7DOqwr6HM5VhCc-U~F70tyqlg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=221
Wallas, Graham. 1926. The Art of Thought. Kent: Solis Press.