ارزیابی مولفه‌های ناسازگار «معماری خانه» در چهار دهه اخیر، با رجوع به دیدگاه ساکنان خانه‌‌ها در بافت میانی شهر کرمانشاه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگر دکتری معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

3 استاد تمام گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران، تهران، ایران.

4 دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران، تهران، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2023.359522.2709

چکیده

یکی از اصلی‌‌ترین مسائل در زمینه معماری، ارزیابی روند زندگی پس از ساخت است که میزان توفیق یک اثر معماری را در نسبت با ساکنان آن مشخص می‌‌کند. حال اگر این ارزیابی در اجزاء خانه‌‌هایی که به صورت الگو در دوره‌‌های مختلف تکرار شده‌‌اند انجام شود؛ می‌‌تواند کمک‌‌کننده به شکل‌‌گیری خانه‌‌هایی با هماهنگی بیش‎تر با ساکنانش در آینده باشد. ارزیابی ناسازگاری‌‌های ایجادشده در اجزاء و مولفه‌‌های سازنده خانه که از طریق پژوهش‌‌های جزءنگر به‌‌دست‌‌آمده است در جریان واقعی زندگی از طریق قیاس میان وضع موجود با وضع مطلوب خانه از نگاه ساکنان. از نظر ماهیت ترکیبی، از نوع کاربردی، توصیفی- تحلیلی و از نظر شیوه جمع‌‌آوری داده‌‌ها، مطالعه کتابخانه‌‌ای و پژوهش میدانی می‌‌باشد. در این راه برای گردآوری داده‌‌ها از پرسش‌نامه استفاده شده ‌‌است. جمعیت آماری شامل 950 خانواده ساکن در بافت میانی شهر کرمانشاه است. طبق فرمول کوکران، 273 نفر از این جمعیت به عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شده‌‌اند که طی تابستان 1400 در این منطقه ساکن بوده‌‌اند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌‌ها در نرم افزار SPSS انجام شده است. نتایج به‌‌دست ‌‌آمده از نسبت آزمون T تک‌نمونه‌‌ای، مقدار معنادهی SIG و میانگین فراوانی داده‌‌ها، در قیاس میان وضع موجود و وضع مطلوب نشان می‌‌دهد که در اجزاء خانه‌‌ها، ناسازگاری‌‌هایی وجود دارد که در دهه‌‌های مختلف متفاوتند. همچنین بر اساس پاسخ ساکنان می‌‌توان نتیجه گرفت که ممکن است خانه به واسطه تمامیت آن برای ساکنان خود مطلوب تلقی گردد، حتی اگر در برخی اجزا نامطلوب باشد. از قیاس میان اجزا خانه در دهه‌‌های مختلف به 11 معیار ناسازگاری در خانه‌‌ها خواهیم رسید؛ ایجاد فضا بدون در نظر گرفتن رفتارهای ساکنان، عدم ارزش‌‌گذاری فضاها، حذف فضاهای واسط، مکلف بودن، عدم ماندگاری، فقدان پیوند با زمینه، ضعف کنترل داشتن، از بین رفتن منظرگاه، کاهش تنوع فضایی، کاهش تنوع خانه‌‌ها و مسائل اقتصادی از آن‌‌ها هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing Inconsistent Housing Architecture Components in the Last Four Decades; Emphasizing House Residents’ Views in the Middle Texture of Kermanshah City, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahya Bakhtiary Manesh 1
  • Mojtaba Ansari 2
  • Mohammad Reza Bemanian 3
  • Mansur Yeganeh 4
1 Ph.D. Candidate of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Full professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
4 Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Assessment of the living process after construction is one main issue in the architecture context, which reveals the success rate of an architectural work considering its residents. If this assessment is done in home components as a pattern within different frequent periods, it can shape some homes that are more compatible with their residents in the future. Evaluation of incompatibilities created in building components of a home obtained through atomism studies is done in the real world by comparing the status quo and the desired state of the home in the residents’ view. This study is mixed in terms of nature with applied, descriptive-analytical type, and is a library and field study in terms of data collection. The data are collected through a questionnaire. The statistical population comprises 950 families living in the middle texture of Kermanshah City, Iran. According to the Cochrane Formula, 273 people of this population were selected as sample size who lived in this area during summer 2021. Data analysis is done using SPSS software. The results obtained from the one-sample t-test, significance rate of SIG, and average frequency of data in comparison between the status quo and desired state indicate that some incompatibilities exist in homes' components that are different in various decades. Moreover, it is concluded based on the residents' answers that a home may be desired by its residents due to its integrity even if it has some adverse components. Comparison between home components in different decades would lead to 11 incompatibility criteria in homes, which include the creation of spaces without considering residents' behaviors, lack of valuating spaces, removal of interface spaces, being obliged, lack of permanence, lack of connection with the context, control weakness, disappearance of landscape, decrease in spatial diversity, reduction of diversity in homes, and economic issues.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • House Architecture
  • House Components
  • Inconsistency
  • Residents’ Views
  • Middle Texture of Kermanshah
Afshari, Mohsen, and Shahram Pourdeihimi. 2015. Meaningful sequences of activities in dwellings, case study of Qashqai tribe. journal of Iranian architecture studies 4(7): 5-18. https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_111738.html?lang=en 
Aghalatifi, Azadeh, and Isa Hojjat. 2019. Impression of meaning of home from physical transformation in contemporary era of Tehran. Honarhaye ziba 23(4): 41- 54. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_72186.html?lang=en 
Aghalatifi, Azadeh. 2019. The concept of home. Tehran: Azargan press. [in Persian]
Alalhesabi, Mehran, and Naimeh Korrani. 2013. The factors affecting housing evolution from the past to the future. Journal of Housing and rural environment 32(141): 19-36. https://www.sid.ir/paper/186193/en 
Aliabadi, Mohammad. 2001. The impact of Islamic culture on the architecture of the house and neighborhood. Tehran. Architecture and urban planning research center of the ministry of housing and urban development. 
Arjmandi, Honey. 2011. Psychological and spiritual effects of light and color from Iranian traditional houses on dwellers. Journal of social sciences and humanities 6(2): 288-301. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11490303.pdf
Arzani, Neda, Masoumeh Marashi Nezhad, and Behnaz Babaie Morad. 2020. Designing a residential complex with security enhancement approach. Case study: Ahvaz oil residential town. Memari shenasi 3(17): 108- 116.http://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/463875
Asefi, Maziar, and Elnaz Imani. 2016. Redefining Design Patterns Of Islamic Desirable Contemporary Housing Through Qualitative Evaluation Of Traditional Homes. Journal of researches in Islamic architecture 4(11): 56-75. https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JE/58000020161104
Babazadeh Oskouei, Solmaz, Sahar Toofan, and Siroos Jamali. 2020. Promoting theoretical foundations of privacy concept in contemporary housing from perspective of environmental psychology, A Case study of Milad Tabriz Residential tower. Baghe nazar 16(79): 61-72. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_98945.html?lang=en 
Bagheri, Mohammad, Mina Dashti, and Isa Hojjat. 2015. Evaluation of the evolution of model language in housing architecture Case study: Qajar houses and contemporary housing in Zanjan. Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning 14(7): 141-156. http://www.archoma.ir/articles/post/4256
Bahmani, Afshin, and Sahar Ghaedrahmati. 2016. Evaluating the Mehr housing project in terms of adequate qualitative indicators. Journal of geography and regional development 14(1): 47- 65. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_31549_en.html?lang=fa 
Bakhtiary Manesh, Mahya, and Mohammadreza Bemanian. 2023. Evaluating the principles of meaning to Mashrabiya to contemporary balconies (Interaction of inside and outside the homes of Kermanshah). Armanshahr architecture & urban development 16(42): 31-46. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_173181.html?lang=en 
Bastani, Soosan. 1990. Neighborhood relations of apartment dwellers in Tehran. Faculty of social sciences university of Tehran. 
Bemanian, Mohammadreza. Gholami rostam, Nasim and Rahmat panah, Janat. 2010. Identifying elements in the traditional architecture of Iranian houses. case study: Rasoolian house. Islamic art studies 7(13): 55-68. https://www.sid.ir/paper/136845/fa 
Bitaraf, Ehsan, Habib Farah, and Hossein Zabihi. 2018. Biophilic attitude toward improving the quality of the living environment of residential residences. Urban management 16(49): 331-349. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1801892 
Darbandi, Maryam. 2013. Interior design of small-scale flexible housing. Master thesis of architecture. Faculty of architecture. University of Tehran.
Darbandi, Maryam. 2016. The role of flexibility of interior space og house. Chideman 4(13): 42-47.https://ensani.ir/fa/article/354744
Dusti, Shahrzad. 2018. Privacy in traditional Iranian homes. Iranian people culture 54: 115-136. http://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/406881
Ebrahimi, Somayeh, and Gholamreza Eslami. 2010. Iranian urbanism and architecture during transmission period. Hoviateshahr 4(6): 3-14. http:/hoviatshahr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_1118.html?lang=en 
Einifar, Alireza. 2003. A model to analyze residential spaces: based on flexibility criteria of traditional housing. Honarhaye ziba 13: 64- 77. https://www.sid.ir/paper/419235/fa 
Einifar, Alireza, and Ghazizadeh, Neda. 2011. The typology of Tehran residential building based on open space layout. Armanshahr 3(5): 35-45. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_32654.html?lang=en 
Einifar, Aliraza, and Azadeh Aghalatifi. 2011. The concept of territory in residential complexes: A comparative study of two residential complexes in surface and in height in Tehran. Journal of Honarhaye ziba 47(3): 17-28. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_28927.html?lang=en. [in Persian]
Einifar, Alireza, and Ayoob Aliniay motlagh. 2014. Explaining the concept of exterior in the spaces between apartment housing: Case study: three kinds of balconies in residential complexes in Tehran. Journal of Honarhaye ziba 19(2): 55-66. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55391.html?lang=en. [in Persian]
Esmaili, Shima. 2016. How the effect of shutters on natural ventilation to optimiza energy consumption in traditional houses in Mazandaran. Case study: Kandollus village. Fourth international conference on new research in civil engineering, architecture and urban planning. https://www.sid.ir/paper/868002/fa 
Fathbaqali, Atefeh, Mohammad javad Maghsoudi, and Masoumeh Hedayati. 2021. Reflection of structure in the spatial configuration of housing with emphasis on the theory of spatial syntax. Case study: Traditional and contemporary houses of the historical cultural context of Tabriz. Geography and environmental studies 10(38): 47-64. https://ges.iaun.iau.ir/article_681878_086f3251635a6f89f53707563829500d.pdf
Fazeli, Nematollah. 2008. Modernity and housing. Iranian journal of cultural research 1(1): 25-63. https://www.sid.ir/paper/136881/fa 
Ghafourian, Mitra, Mina Peysokhan, and Elham Hesari. 2017. Typology of spatial configuration and hierarchy of entry in Iranian houses: concentrating the issue of privacy. Physical development planning 7: 129-144. https://psp.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4399.html?lang=en 
Gharekhani, Kamal, Omid Dejdar, and Sara Jalalian. 2019. Analyzing the role of community and its effects on the quality of life in residential complexes (Case Study: Saeidiyeh, Kashani, Bu Ali and Imam Reza Residential blocks in the city of Hamedan). Hoviate shahr 40(13): 109-120. https://hoviatshahr.srbiau.ac.ir/jufile?ar_sfile=174278&lang=en
Gorji Mahlabani, Yousef, and Elnaz Haj Abotalebi. 2010. Smart material and its role in architecture. Housing and rural environment 28(127): 66-81. https://jhre.ir/article-1-62-fa.html 
Haeri, Mohammad Reza. 2016. Home, culture, nature: A study of the architecture of historic and contemporary homes. Tehran: Iran urban planning and architecture studies and research center. [in Persian] 
Hamzehnejad, Mahdi, and Mahsa Radmehr. 2017. Analysis of spatial principles and optimal pattern selection in contemporary Iranian architecture. Case study cultural heritage organization: Hossein Amanat. Iranian architectural studies journal 11: 145-168. https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_111785.html?lang=en 
Hedayatian, Mehrdad, Iman Bohluli, and Arash Kakavand. 2015. Investigating the role of porch in natural ventilation of traditional houses on Boroujerd. Civil, architecture and urban planning national conference. Tabriz. https://civilica.com/doc/447950/ 
Kardgaran, Mohammad Hossein, and Mandana Khalil Khalili. 2016. New materials and its role in sustainable architecture. Third international conference on science and technology, Germany. https://www.sid.ir/paper/857603/fa 
Kashfi, Mohammad Ali, Bagher Hosseini, and Saeid Norouzian. 2013. The role of public spaces of high-rise residential building in increasing the residents’ social interactions. Case study: international tower of Tehran. Urban management 10(30): 7-17. https://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_PDF/28713913001.pdf
Khajavi, Faezeh, Mohammad Farrokhzad, and Erfan Hosseini. 2020. Climate change adaptation strategies in controlling the energy consumption of building, focusing on exploiting air intrusion in humid climates. Case study: Gorgan city. Climate change research 1(1): 33-54. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/440271/
Khakpour, Mojgan, Mojtaba Ansari, Ali Sheikh Mehdi, and Mahmood Tavousi. 2015. Socio-cultural characteristics of vernacular houses. Housing and rural environment 149: 3-14. http://jhre.ir/article-1-664-en.html 
Khakpour, Mojgan, Mojtaba Ansari, and Ali Taherian. 2010. The typology of houses in old urban tissues of rasht. Honarhaye ziba 2(41): 29-42. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_22266.html?lang=en 
Khan Ahmadi, Zahra, and Setareh Zeinal Zadeh. 2014. Comparative study of the effects of spatial structure on the level of privady of contemporary and traditional houses in aiaran by space syntax analysis method. Case study: Qajar and contemporary houses in Tehran. Tehran proceedings of the first international congress of new horizons in architecture and urban planning. https://civilica.com/doc/380987/ 
Khaqanpor, Reyhaneh, and Hamid Reza Khoei. 2017.The relationship between the past and the present in some contemporary residential architecture in Tehran. Honarhaye ziba 22(1): 89-104. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62268.html 
Lee, Ji hyun. 2003. Housing types and classification system in case based design. Proceedings of the 37th Australian and New zea land architectural science association. ANZA ScA Conference, 383- 395. Faculty of architecture. University of Sydney.
Mahmoudi, Abollah. 2005. Reviewing the importance of porches in traditional houses (with special look at Bam). Journal of Honarhaye ziba 22: 53-62. https://journals.ut.ac.ir/article_10738.html. [in Persian]
Mahmoodi, Amir Saeid, and Majid Mansourpour. 2017. Position study of skeletal factors in social interactions of residential neighborhood. Hoviate shahr 31(11): 5-16. https://hoviatshahr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_11384.html 
Maroufi, Hessam, Mohammadreza Bemanian, and Mansour Yeganeh. 2021. Explaning of physical factors affecting spatial behavior in traditional city houses in Meybod. Haft hesar journal 9(35): 31-46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352015227
Mazaheri, Mojtaba, Omid Dezhdar, and Jalil Mousavi. 2018. Analyzing the role of yards in spatial structure of Iranian houses using space syntax. Hoviate shahr 34: 97-108. https://hoviatshahr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_12991.html 
Mehri Ghahfarokhi, Esmail, Maryam Ekhtiari, and Hamid Reza Sharif. 2020. Analysis framework for recognition behavioral settings in residential spaces. Case study: Farhang shahr district in shiraz. Honarhaye ziba 25(3): 19-36. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_81687.html?lang=en 
Mohajer Milani, Azadeh, and Alireza Einifar. 2020. Recognition of the common internal arrangement of Tehran’s residential buildings. Honarhaye ziba 24(1): 45-56. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_73547.html?lang=en. [in Persian]
Motalebi, Ghasem, Fatemeh Khodadadi, and Ali Akbari. 2016. Effect of the sense of security of housing satisfaction in Naziabad residential complex in tehran based on C.P.T.E.D model. Honarhaye ziba 21(1): 67-78. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59690.html?lang=en. [in Persian]
Noghre Kar, Abdolhamid. 2008. An introduction to Islamic identity in architecture and urban planning. Tehran: ministry of housing and urban development press. 
Norberg- Shultz, Christian. 2016. Architecture: meaning and place.Vida Noruz borazjani. Parham naghsh press. [in Persian]
Norberg-Schulz, Christian. 2019. The concept of dwelling: on the way to figurative architecture. Mahmoud Amir yar Ahmadi. Tehran: Agah press. [in Persian]
Nylander, Ola. 2011. The architecture of the home. Mohammad sadegh Falahat. Zanjan university press. [in Persian]
Okhovat, Hanie, Farid Ghasemi, and Sahar Beheshtaeini. 2018. Analysis of how to personalize in mehr apartment, case study: workers’ site no 2, mehr housing in pakdasht. Armanshahr 11(23): 1-14. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_69524.html 
Rahmani, Elaheh, Somaye Nouraee, and Zahra Shekarforush. 2011. Investigating the evolution of the vacant pattern in contemporary Iranian housing. Abaadi (70). https://www.sid.ir/paper/489989/fa 
Rastjoo, Solma, and Bemanian, Mohammadreza. 2020. The typology of the spatial structure of the contemporary Iranian homes relying on confidentiality and hierarchy. Honarhaye ziba 24(2): 49-58. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_76275.html?lang=en. [in Persian]
Relph, Edward. 2018. Place and placelessness. Mohammadreza Noghsan mohammadi. Kazem Mandegari. Zoheir Motaki. Armanshahr press. [in Persian]
Rezaei Moghadam, Ali, Arezoo Hassan, Vahid Yousefpur, and Masoud Ebadi. 2012. Investigating the position of design in creating a sense of security in residential complexes. Fourth conference on urban planning and management, Mashhad. https://www.sid.ir/paper/849178/fa 
Sajjadzadeh, Hasan, Mohammad Saeid Izadi, and Mohammadreza Haghi. 2017. The relationship between spatial configuration and environmental security in informal settlements of Hamedan. Honarhaye ziba 22(2): 19-28. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_63990.html?lang=en 
Seamon, David. 2000. A way of seeing people and place. Phenomenology in environment- behavior research. Theoretical perspectives in environment- behavior research. New York: plenum.
Seifian, Mohammad kazem, and Mohammad reza Mahmoudi. 2007. Confidentiality in traditional Iranian architecture. Hoviate shahr 1: 3-14. https://hoviatshahr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_1073.html 
Shokouhfar, Sogand. 2019. How the presence of nature light in traditional Iranian architecture. Case study: Ameri house of Kashan. Memari shenasi 2(10): 1-9. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/419429
Shokouhi Bidhendi, Mohammad Saleh, Ali Sobhani, and Sepehr Zhand. 2018. Pathology of Mehr Housing Project according to the teachings of the city-size model of indigenous housing (case study: Bandar Khamir). Journal of researches in Islamic architecture 6(20): 91-115. https://www.sid.ir/paper/248339/fa. [in Persian]
Soltanpanah, Hirosh, and Saeid Hosseini. 2012. Quality (QFD) in quality evaluation of construction projects (Mehr Housing Project of Sanandaj city). Industrial management 21: 56-66. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/311295
Tahbaz, Mansoureh, Sh. Jalilian, and F. Mousavi. 2012. Investigation of window performance in terms of daylight in examples of traditional houses in Kashan. Tehran, Vice chancellor for research and technology, Shahid Beheshti university. 
Tahbaz, Mansoureh, Shahrbanoo Jalilian, Fatemeh Mousavi, and Marzieh Kazem Zadeh. 2016. Effects of architectural design on daylight fantasy in Iranian traditional houses. Armanshahr 8(15): 71-81. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1527355?lang=en 
Zanjani, Habibollah, Zahra Gholkar, and Hamed Mohammadi. 2011. Investigating the social aspects of Mehr housing (Case study: Mehr housing in Karaj). Economy and Cooperation 7: 89-116. https://ajcoop.mcls.gov.ir/article_8885.html