الگوهای موثر در شکل‌گیری و تکامل فضایی مدارس ایران در دوره سلجوقی و مدارس متکامل پس از آن

محسنی, منصوره; کرمی, اسلام

doi:10.22034/aaud.2023.405617.2800

الگوهای موثر در شکل‌گیری و تکامل فضایی مدارس ایران در دوره سلجوقی و مدارس متکامل پس از آن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

منصوره محسنی ¹

اسلام کرمی ²

¹ مربی گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

² استادیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2023.405617.2800

چکیده

مدارس سلجوقی نقطه عطفی در معماری مدارس ایران می‌باشند. آن‌ها واجد ویژگی‌هایی بودند که مدارس بعدی نیز، از اصول آن پیروی کردند. اما مسأله آن است که الگوی کالبدی مدارس دوره سلجوقی و پس از آن تحت تأثیر کدام گونه بناها می‌باشد و پیشینه معماری عناصر اصلی فضایی و الگوهای مؤثر در شکل‌گیری و تکامل فضایی این مدارس چیست؟ این نوشتار بر آن است که پیشینه کالبدی مدارس رسمی که از دوره سلجوقی به بعد در ایران بنا شدند را بیابد. برخی پژوهشگران نظریاتی در مورد ریشه مدارس داده‌اند که هر کدام ریشه مدارس را منتسب به گونه بنایی خاص دانسته‌اند. اما نگارندگان، با توجه به عدم وحدت نظریات و با نگاهی اصلاح‌گرایانه به رویکرد تاریخی- تکاملی و نظر به چندعملکردی بودن کالبد مدارس، بر این عقیده‌اند که الگو یا الگوهایی خاص در شکل‌گیری مدارس سلجوقی و تکامل آن‌ها مؤثر بوده‌اند. بنابراین در این مقاله، با روش تاریخ پژوهی، موردپژوهی و نیز با روشی توصیفی- تحلیلی، ابتدا الگوهای گونه بناهای مؤثر بر عناصر کالبدی مدارس سلجوقی (گونه اولیه) و مدارس پس از آن دوره (گونه متکامل) بررسی و سپس مورد تحلیل کالبدی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ریشه هر کدام از عناصر اصلی مدارس سلجوقی و پس از آن، با توجه به عملکرد خاص خود، موروث بناهای مختلف و تحت تأثیر الگوهای این بناها می‌باشند و ریشه مدارس سلجوقی (گونه اولیه) الگوی نه‌بخشی درونگرای هخامنشی و ریشه مدارس پس از سلجوقی (گونه متکامل)، ترکیب الگوی نه‌بخشی دورنگرا و برونگرای هخامنشی می‌باشد. به‌طور کلی الگوی نه‌بخشی هخامنشی، سلول اولیه شکل‌گیری مدارس سلجوقی و پس از آن است. این کهن الگو با توجه به غنای معنایی و قابلیت انعطاف‌پذیری کالبدی همچنان می‌تواند به‌سان یک الگوی طلایی در طراحی فضاهای آموزشی لحاظ گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

مدارس سلجوقی (گونه اولیه)

مدارس پس از سلجوقی (گونه متکامل)

سلول اولیه

تکامل

الگو

عنوان مقاله English

Effective Patterns in the Formation and Spatial Evolution of Iran’s Schools during the Seljuk Period and Post-Seljuk Evolved Schools

نویسندگان English

Mansooreh Mohseni ¹

Islam Karami ²

¹ Instructor of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Architectural Engineering and Urbanism, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran (Corresponding Author).

² Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Architectural Engineering and Urbanism, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.

چکیده English

Seljuk schools are milestones in the architecture of Iran’s schools. These schools provided some features that the next schools followed their principles. However, the question is what kind of buildings influenced the structural pattern of schools constructed during the Seljuk period and afterward, and what is the architectural background of the main special elements and effective patterns in the formation and spatial evolution of these schools? This study aims to find the structural history of formal schools constructed in Iran after the Seljuk Era. Some researchers have presented theories about the root of schools that are attributed to specific building types. Regarding the lack of unity in these theories the reformist view of the authors to the historical-evolutionary approach, and the multifunctionality of schools’ bodies, the authors of this study believe that certain patterns have influenced the formation of Seljuk schools and their evolution. Therefore, this study examined the patterns of buildings affecting structural elements of Seljuk schools (primitive type) and post-Seljuk schools (evolved type) through structural analysis, by using historical research, case studies, and descriptive-analytical methods. Findings indicate that core elements of Seljuk and post-Seljuk schools, regarding their specific functions- have inherited features of various buildings and have been influenced by the patterns of these buildings. Moreover, Seljuk schools (primitive type) are rooted in a nine-part introverted Achaemenid pattern while post-Seljuk schools (evolved type) are rooted in the combination of a nine-part introverted and extroverted Achaemenid pattern. In general, the nine-part Achaemenid pattern is the initial cell of the formation of Seljuk and post-Seljuk schools. Regarding its meaning richness and structural flexibility, this ancient pattern can be still considered a golden model in designing educational spaces.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Seljuk Schools (Primitive Type)

Post-Seljuk Schools (Evolved Type)

Core Cell

Evolution

Pattern

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