معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر

معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر

شهرسازی از منظر رویکرد روایی تحلیلی بر ماهیت، نقش و جایگاه روایی اسناد شهری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکترای شهرسازی، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 دانشیار گروه برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهری، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).
10.22034/aaud.2023.398433.2790
چکیده
شهرها تلاقی‌گاه روایت‌ها هستند، اما لزوماً همه‌ روایت‌ها به یک اندازه بر مکان‌ها، فعالیت‌ها، زندگی‌ و سرنوشت یک شهر تأثیر نمی‌گذارند. برخی روایت‌ها غالب هستند و برخی دیگر درحاشیه، پنهان و سرکوب‌شده. ادبیات نظری و تجربه‌های عملیِ رشته‌ی شهرسازی بر این نکته صحه می‌گذارند که هیچ‌یک از روایت‌ها به‌اندازه‌ی اسناد تخصصی شهرسازی بر تکوین شهرها تأثیر نمی‌گذارند. اسناد شهرسازی صرفاً متونی فنی نیستند، بلکه نوعی «روایت» محسوب می‌شوند و از تمامی امکان‌های روایی برای متقاعد کردن مخاطب و به‌کرسی نشاندن ایده‌هایشان بهره می‌برند. سوال اصلی این است که بررسی کیفیت‌های روایی اسناد شهرسازی چه اهمیتی دارد؟ چگونه انجام می‌شود؟ و چه نتایجی در پی خواهد داشت؟ هدف پژوهش حاضر واکاوی اسناد شهرسازی از بعد روایی است تا از این رهگذر به کارکردهای بلاغی‌- ‌رواییِ این اسناد پی ببرد و بتواند درکی نو از نقش شهرساز به‌مثابه‌ راوی و جایگاه سند به‌منزله‌ی روایت پیدا کند. پژوهش حاضر به کمک روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی، به مرور متون نظریِ مرتبط با دو حوزه‌ی روایت و شهرسازی می‌پردازد تا از طریق سنتز آن‌ها چارچوبی مفهومی را برای شناسایی مولفه‌ها و مضامین روایت و ردیابی و تحلیل آن‌ها در اسناد تخصصی شهرسازی تدوین کند. بازخوانی اسناد شهرسازی از لنز روایت نشان می‌دهد که چطور در این اسناد، واقعیت‌های شهری به شیوه‌ای معین قاب گرفته و تفسیر می‌شوند، و از این رهگذر نسخه‌‌ای ویژه و انحصاری‌ از آینده‌‌ای مطلوب ترسیم می‌گردد. ملحوظ داشتن شهرسازی از منظر رویکرد روایی و بازخوانی اسناد شهرسازی از لنز روایت، ضرورت تجدیدنظر در اهداف نظری و عملیاتی دانش شهرسازی و عوامل مشروعیت‌بخش آن را پیش می‌کشند. در پرتو یک بنیان معرفتی تازه، نقش و جایگاه شهر، شهرساز و شهرسازی از نو تعریف خواهند شد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Urban Development from the Perspective of the Narrative Approach An Analysis of the Nature, Role, and Narrative Position of Urban Documents

نویسندگان English

Navid Poormohammadreza 1
Farshad Noorian 2
1 Ph.D. Candidate of Urban development, Urban development Faculty, Fine Arts Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Urban Development and Management, Fine Arts Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
چکیده English

Cities are crossroads of narratives, while all narratives would not necessarily similarly influence the places, activities, life, and destiny of a city. Some narratives are dominant, and others are marginal, latent, and suppressed. Theoretical literature and practical experiences of urban development confirm that no narrative can affect the development of cities as much as specialized documents of urban development. Urban development documents are not just technical texts but are considered a kind of "narrative" benefiting from all narrative possibilities for persuading the audience and pushing their ideas. The main questions are as follows: How important is the assessment of narrative qualities of urban development document? How is it done? What would be the outcomes? This study aims to analyze the urban development documents based on the narrative aspect to find the rhetorical-narrative functions of these documents and achieve a new understanding of the urban planner's role as a narrator and the document's position as the narration. The extant study reviews theoretical texts related to narrative and urban development scopes using qualitative analysis of content to formulate a conceptual framework for identifying components and themes of the narration and tracking and analyzing them within professional urban development documents through synthesis of these texts. Rereading urban development documents through the lens of narrative indicates how urban realities are framed and interpreted with a certain technique in these documents so one can illustrate a special and inclusive version of a desirable future in this way. Consideration of urban development based on the narrative approach and rereading urban documents through the narrative lens would necessitate a revision in the theoretical and operational goals of urban development knowledge and factors legitimizing it. The role and position of city, urban planner, and urban development will be redefined in the light of a novel knowledge base.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Narrative
Urban development Documents
Narrative Turn
Urban Storytelling
Narrative Quality of Urban Development Documents
Abbott, H. Porter. 2002. The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative. UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816932
Albrecht, Johann. 1986. Development, context and purpose of planning. Monograph Series. Urbanism Campaign: Illinois University Press.
Allmendinger, Philip, Mark Tweder-Jones. 2002. Planning Futures: New Directions for Planning Theory. Routledge.
Allmendinger, Philip. 2002. Towards a Post-Positivist Typology of Planning Theory. Planning Theory 1(1): 77-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/147309520200100105
Ameel, Lieven. 2015. It’s Six A.M. Do You Know Where You Are? Framing the Urban Experience in Literary Beginnings. Literature and the Peripheral City: 40-55. London: Palgrave.
Ameel, Lieven. 2016. Towards a Narrative Typology of Urban Planning: Narratives for, in, and of Planning in Jatkasaari, Helsinki. Journal of Urban cultural Studies 3(2): 167-187. 10.1057/s41289-016-0030-8
Ameel, Lieven. 2021. The Narrative Turn in Urban Planning: Plotting the Helsinki Waterfront. Routledge.
Ameel, Lieven, Jens Martin Gurr, and Barbara Buchenau. 2023. Narrative in Urban Planning: a practical field guide. Urban Studies, Volkswagen Stiftung.
Appleyard, Donald. 1976. Planning a Pluralist City: Conflicting Realities in CIUDAD GUYANA. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Barthes, Roland. 1966. Introduction to the Structural analysis of narratives. In A Barthes Reader. New York: Hill and Wang.
Birch, Eugenie L. 2011. The Urban and Regional Planning Reader. Routledge.
Branigan, Edward. 1992. Narrative Comprehension and Film. New York: Routledge.
Brooks, Peter. 1985. Reading for the Plot. New York: Random House.
Buckland, Warren. 2021. Narrative and Narration: Analysing Cinematic Storytelling. New York: Columbia University Press.
Duncan, James S. 1996. Me(trope)olis: Or Hayden White among the Urbanists. In Re-Presenting the City, Ethnicity, Capital and Culture in the Twenty-First Century Metropolis, Edited by A.D. King, 253-268. Houndmills and London: MacMillan.
Eckstein, Barbara. 2003. Making Space: Stories in the Practice of Planning. In Story and Sustainability: Planning, Practice, and possibility for American Cities, Edited by Barbara Eckstein & James Throgmorton. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Eizenberg, Efrat, and Mor Shilon. 2016. Pedagogy for the New Planner: Refining the qualitative toolbox. Environment and Planning 43(6): 1118-1135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813515604477
Fischer, Frafnk. 2002. Learning from Practice Stories: The Priority of Practical Judgement. In the Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, Edited by Frank Fischer, and John Forester. Duke University Press.
Forester, John. 1999. The Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging participatory Planning Process. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Forester, John. 2002. Learning from Practice Stories: The Priority of Practical Judgement. In the Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. UCL Press.
Frye, Northrop. 1957. Anatomy of Criticism. Princeton University Press
Gaber, John. 1993. Reasserting the Importance of qualitative Methods in Planning. Landscape and urban Planning 26: 137- 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(93)90012-3
Gall, Tjark, and Sindi Haxhija. 2020. Storytelling of, and for Planning: Urban Planning through Participatory Narrative-Building. Paper presented at the proceeding of 56th ISOCARP World Planning Congress. International Society of City and Regional Planners.
Grooms, Wes, and Emmanuel Frimpong Boamah. 2017. Toward a Political Urban Planning, Learning from Growth Machine and Advocacy Planning to “Plannatize” Urban Politics. Planning Theory 1(21). https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095217690934
Hawkins, Jeremy Allan. 2022. From Narrative to Poetic Practice: on Figurative Modes of Urbanism. Urban Planning 7(3): 430-439. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i3.5370
Healey, Patsy. 1993. The Communicative Work of Development Plans. In Process and Policy Evaluation in Structure Planning, Edited by Abdul Khakee and Katrina Eckerberg, 30-62. Stockholm.
Herman, David. 2007. The Cambridge companion to Narrative. Lincoln university of Nebraska Press.
Herman, David. 2009. Basic Elements of Narrative. Wiley-Blackwell.
Herman, David, Manfred Jahn, and Marie-Laure Ryan. 2010. Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory. New York: Routledge.
Kaplan, Thomas J. 2002. Reading Policy Narratives: Beginnings, Middles, and Ends. In the Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. UCL Press.
Khakee, Abdul. 2000. Reading plans as an exercise in evaluation. Evaluation 6(2): 119-136. 10.1177/13563890022209172
Legates, Richard T., and Frederic Stout. 1998. In the Urban and Regional Planning Reader. Routledge.
Labov, William, and Waletzky, Joshua. 1967. Narrative Analysis. In Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts, 12-44. Washington Press.
Lotte, Jakob. 2000. Narrative in Fiction and Film: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Mager, Christopher, and Laurent Mathey. 2015. Tales of the City: Storytelling as a Contemporary Tool of Urban Planning and Design. Journal of Urban Research, Special (7). https://doi.org/10.4000/articulo.2779
Mandelbaum, Seymour J. 1990. Reading Plans. Journal of the American Planning Association 56(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369008975778
Rozario, Kevin. 2005. Making Progress: Disaster Narratives and the Art of Optimism in Modern America. In the Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster. Oxford University Press.
Ryan, Marie Laure. 2004. Narrative across Media: The Language of Storytelling. In the Cambridge Companion to Narrative, Edited by David Herman. Lincoln university of Nebraska Press.
Sandercock, Leonie. 1998. Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities. New York: Wiley and Sons.
Sandercock, Leonie. 2003. Out of the Closet: The Importance of Stories and Storytelling in Planning Practice. Planning theory and Practice 4(1): 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464935032000057209
Sandercock, Leonie. 2010. Multimedia Explorations in Urban Policy and Planning: Beyond the Flatlands. Springer. 
Sattler, Julia. 2015. Narrative Analysis, Dealing with the Past Spatially: Storytelling and Sustainability in De-industrializing Communities. European Journal of American Studies 10(3). https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.11347
Thomas, Bronwen. 2016. Narrative: The Basics. New York: Routledge.
Throgmorton, James A. 1992. Planning as Persuasive Storytelling about the Future: Negotiating an Electric Power Rate Settlement in Illinois. Journal of Planning and Research 12: 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X9201200103
Throgmorton, James A. 2003. Planning as Persuasive Storytelling in a Global Scale Web of Relationships. Planning Theory 2(2): 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/14730952030022003
Throgmorton, James A. 2007. Inventing the Greatest: Crafting Louisville’s Future out of Story and Clay. Planning Theory 6(3): 237-262. DOI: 10.1177/1473095207082033
Vale, Lawrence J., and Thomas J. Campanella. 2005. The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster. New York: Oxford University Press, 
Vanhulst, Merlijn. 2012. Storytelling, a Model of and a Model for Planning. Planning Theory 11(3): 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095212440425
Walter, Mareile. 2013. Making Plans, Telling Stories: Planning in Karlskrona, Sweden, 1980-2010. Ph.D. diss. School of Planning and Media design, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden.
White, Hayden. 1987. The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation. Madrid: JHU Press. 
Zeng, Di. 2021. Power of Narratives and Narratives of Power: Storytelling of, in, and for Placemaking in Nantou Ancient City in Shenzhen, China. Ph.D. diss. Harvard University Graduate School of Design.
دوره 17، شماره 49
زمستان 1403
صفحه 121-142

  • تاریخ دریافت 31 اردیبهشت 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری 24 خرداد 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش 06 آذر 1402