تأثیرات عوامل فرهنگی، مدرنیزاسیون و معماری غربی بر ساختار خانه‌های کرمانشاه در دوره قاجار

محمدیانی, شهرام; کریمی‌آذری, امیررضا; سلطان‌زاده, حسین

doi:10.22034/aaud.2024.408655.2804

تأثیرات عوامل فرهنگی، مدرنیزاسیون و معماری غربی بر ساختار خانه‌های کرمانشاه در دوره قاجار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

شهرام محمدیانی ¹

امیررضا کریمی‌آذری ²

حسین سلطان‌زاده ³

¹ استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

² دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و هنر، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

³ استاد گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2024.408655.2804

چکیده

خانه، بیانگر عقاید و ارزش‌های فرهنگی و اجتماعی است. خانه مکانی است که نیازها و انتظارات خانواده را برآورده می‌سازد؛ لذا بررسی و تعمق در سیر تحولات معماری خانه، می‌تواند باعث شناخت بهتر از فرهنگ، شیوه زندگی و معماری گذشته گردد. باتوجه ‌به عدم مطالعات کافی در خصوص خانه‌های تاریخی کرمانشاه، تا کنون کم‌تر به ارزش‌های معنایی و عملکردی این خانه‌ها پرداخته شده است. درصورتی‌که تدبر در آن‌ها که بر اساس نیازهای فرهنگی، بومی و محیط ساخت خلق شده‌اند، می‌تواند ما را در بازتعریف یک معماری اصیل و پیشرو و در امتداد معماری ارزشمند گذشته یاری نماید. این پژوهش با هدف شناخت اثرات عوامل فرهنگی، مدرنیزاسیون و معماری غربی بر شکل‌‌گیری خانه‌های قاجاری کرمانشاه تدوین شده است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع کمی- کیفی و روش پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، مطالعه ۱۰ مورد از خانه‌های قاجاری کرمانشاه از میان خانه‌های ثبت‌شده در فهرست آثار ملی و با اولویت ارزش‌های معماری و هنری است و جامعه آماری خبرگان، نیز شامل ۱۸ نفر از خبرگان معماری و اساتید دانشگاه بوده که به شیوه هدفمند و با اشباع نظری ۱۱ نفر انتخاب شده‌‌اند. ابزار پژوهش حاضر مصاحبه و استفاده از پرسش‌نامه‌‌های دلفی بوده و شیوه تجزیه‌وتحلیل از نوع تحلیل مضمون و روش AHP فازی است. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر آن است که مقوله عوامل فرهنگی، از طریق مؤلفه‌های مختلفی از جمله بهره‌گیری از مفاهیم معماری سنتی، استفاده از سبک فرنگی یا اروپایی و حضور اسباب و وسایل زندگی غربی و مقوله مدرنیزاسیون و معماری غربی از طریق مضامینی چون؛ خانه‌های برونگرا و راه‌پله‌محور، محوطه‌سازی انگلیسی و فرانسوی با چمن‌‌کاری وسیع، ستون و سرستون‌های فرنگی، بام شیب‌دار فلزی، کاشی خشتی و هفت‌رنگ، آجرکاری تزیینی و پیشانی شاخص بنا به تقلید از غرب، در شکل‌گیری خانه‌های قاجاری کرمانشاه مؤثر بوده‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عوامل فرهنگی

مدرنیزاسیون

معماری غربی

خانه‌های سنتی

کرمانشاه

دوره قاجار

عنوان مقاله English

Influences of Cultural Factors, Modernization, and Western Architecture on House Structures of Kermanshah in the Qajar Era

نویسندگان English

Shahram Mohammadiani ¹

Amir Reza Karimi Azeri ²

Hossein Soltanzadeh ³

¹ Assistant Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.

² Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran (Corresponding Author).

³ Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Development, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده English

The house represents social and cultural values. It is the place where family needs and expectations are met. Hence, a review of housing architectural developments could help better understand the culture, lifestyle, and architecture of the past. Since fewer studies have been concerned with historical houses in Kermanshah, Iran, the semantic and functional value of these houses have received less attention. Meanwhile, understanding the cultural, local, and built environment of these houses could help redefine the original and pioneering architecture that has emanated from the invaluable architecture of the past. This study aimed to elaborate on the influences of cultural factors, modernization, and Western architecture on the formation of the Qajar-era houses in Kermanshah. This study was quantitative-qualitative and fell under descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of the study consisted of 10 Qajar houses in the city of Kermanshah which were selected from among the houses registered in the Iran National Heritage List and represented some artistic and architectural values. Also, the statistical population of the study consisted of 18 architecture experts and academic professors who were selected via purposive sampling, 11 of whom were selected via theoretical saturation. The study used interviews and Delphi questionnaires, and the analysis procedure involved thematic analysis and the fuzzy AHP. Results indicated that cultural factors with components (e.g., using traditional architectural concepts, using Western/European styles, and the presence of Western lifestyles and means), and modernization and Western architecture with components (e.g., extrovert and staircase-centered houses, English and French landscaping with extending lawns, Western columns and capitals, metal-made sloped rooftops, seven-colored clay tiles, decorative brickwork, and the Western-inspired projected frontispiece) were influential in how Qajar Houses were formed.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Cultural Factors

Modernization

Western Architecture

Traditional Houses

Kermanshah

Qajar Era

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