تاثیر تزیینات نما بر ایجاد محرمیت بصری در حیاط‌های اندرونی و بیرونی خانه‌های قاجار تبریز

پاشائی اصل, مائده; منادی, عارف; بلالی اسکویی, آزیتا; جمالی, یحیی

doi:10.22034/aaud.2024.380543.2754

تاثیر تزیینات نما بر ایجاد محرمیت بصری در حیاط‌های اندرونی و بیرونی خانه‌های قاجار تبریز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

مائده پاشائی اصل ¹

عارف منادی ²

آزیتا بلالی اسکویی ³

یحیی جمالی ⁴

¹ کارشناسی ارشد معماری اسلامی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

² استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه سوره، تهران، ایران.

³ استاد گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

⁴ دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2024.380543.2754

چکیده

محرمیت یکی از اساسی‌ترین ویژگی‌های معماری اسلامی است. حفظ محرمیت در خانه‌های سنتی از مفاهیم ضروری محسوب شده و جزو عملکرد اصلی خانه‌های سنتی بوده‌ است. یکی از اقدامات مهم برای حفظ و ایجاد حریم در خانه و محرمیت برای ساکنان، تفکیک حیاط‌ها به صورت اندرونی و بیرونی است. دین اسلام به رعایت محرمیت و حریم در خانه انسان تاکید دارد و آن را شرط لازم برای دستیابی به امنیت و آرامش می‌داند. برای رعایت قوانین الهی و تامین امنیت زنان از نظر محرمیت و حجاب، ساختمان‌ها به گونه‌ای طراحی می‌شدند که داخل خانه قابل دیدن نباشد و زن در داخل خانه، از امنیت و آرامش برخوردار باشد به‌نحوی ‌که وجود حریم و محرمیت بین محرم و نامحرم با طراحی ویژه معماری به طور کاملا واضح و قابل لمس باشد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش که به روش تاریخی انجام گرفته ‌است، بررسی نسبت محرمیت و تزیینات در نمای حیاط‌های اندرونی و بیرونی خانه‌های قاجاری تبریز است. سوالات پژوهش نیز عبارتند از: تزیینات به‌کار رفته در نمای حیاط اندرونی و بیرونی خانه‌ها چه نسبتی باهم داشته و چه تاثیری بر ایجاد محرمیت دارند؟ مطابق یافته‌های پژوهش معمولا تزیینات حیاط اندرونی و بیرونی متفاوت از یکدیگر هستند، به‌گونه‌ای که تزیینات به‌کار رفته در نمای حیاط بیرونی با ایجاد شکستگی‌ها وسایه‌ها، افزایش تراکم اجزای مشبک پنجره، افزایش ارتفاع پیشانی ایوان، تزیینات برجسته‌ی به‌کاررفته و غیره منجر به کاهش تداوم بصری، کاهش شفافیت و افزایش محرمیت شده در حالی‌که در حیاط اندرونی شکستگی در نماها کم، عدم وجود تراکم در اجزای مشبک پنجره‌ها و تزیینات به صورت ساده می‌باشند. دلیل این تفاوت، رفت‌و‌آمد افراد غریبه و غیرمحارم به حیاط بیرونی برخلاف حیاط اندرونی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تزیینات

محرمیت بصری

خانه‌های قاجار تبریز

حیاط اندرونی

حیاط بیرونی

عنوان مقاله English

Impact of Façade Decorations on Creating Visual Privacy in the Inner and Outer Courtyards of Qajar Houses in Tabriz

نویسندگان English

Maedeh Pashaei Asl ¹

Aref Monadi ²

Azita Belali Oskoyi ³

Yahya Jamali ⁴

¹ M.A. in Islamic Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Author).

² Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Soore University, Tehran, Iran.

³ Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.

⁴ Ph.D. Candidate in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan, Iran.

چکیده English

Privacy is one of the most fundamental features of Islamic architecture. Preserving privacy in traditional houses has been regarded as an essential concept and was considered a primary function of traditional dwellings. One of the most critical measures to maintain and establish privacy for the residents was the separation of courtyards into inner (andaruni) and outer (biruni) spaces. Islam emphasizes the observance of privacy and boundaries within the home, considering it a necessary condition for achieving security and peace of mind. To comply with divine rules and ensure the security of women in terms of privacy and hijab, buildings were designed in a way that the interior of the house could not be seen, allowing women inside to enjoy security and peace of mind. In this manner, the presence of boundaries and privacy between mahram and non-mahram individuals became entirely explicit and tangible through the use of specific architectural designs. The aim of this study, conducted through a historical method, is to examine the relationship between privacy and decorations in the façades of the inner and outer courtyards of Qajar houses in Tabriz. The research questions are as follows: What relationship do the decorations used in the façades of the inner and outer courtyards of houses have with each other, and what impact do they have on creating privacy? According to the findings, the decorations in the inner and outer courtyards differ significantly from one another. In the outer courtyard façades, the decorations—such as the use of recesses and shadows, increasing the density of lattice window components, raising the height of the porch cornice, and the use of embossed ornaments—resulted in a reduction of visual continuity, decreased transparency, and increased privacy. In contrast, the inner courtyards featured façades with fewer recesses, a lack of density in the lattice window components, and simpler decorations. The reason for this distinction lies in the presence of strangers and non-mahram individuals in the outer courtyard, as opposed to the inner courtyard.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Decorations

Visual Privacy

Qajar Houses of Tabriz

Inner Courtyard

Outer Courtyard

Alizadeh, Hooshmand, Kayoumars Irandoost, Kyoumars Habibi, and Mohamad Bashir Robati. 2014. “The Concept of Privacy and Space in Islamic cities”. Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture 2(1) :67-80. https://www.iust.ac.ir/jria/article-1-145-fa.html&sw=%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7. [in Persian]
Attarian, Koorosh, Kourosh Momeni, and Maryam Bigdeli. 2017. “Recognition of Architectural Features of Samimi’s House in Ramhormoz City”. Iranian Architecture and Urbanism (13): 63-75. https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62048. [in Persian]
Babaiyan, Mohammadreza, Hossein Soltanzadeh, and Masoud Sharikzade. 2011. “An Introduction to the Concept and Types of Transparency in Contemporary Western Art and Architecture”. Journal of Iranian Architecture and Urbanism 2(2): 5-16. https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2011.61942. [in Persian]
Baghsheikhi, Milad. 2021. “Study of Exterior Façade Decorations Qajar Buildings of Kashan City”. Archaeological Research of Iran 11(30): 223-247. https://doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2020.20166.2019. [in Persian]
Darougari, Parisa. 2021. “The concept of the courtyard in organizing the spaces of Qajar houses in Tehran”. Architectural Studies 3(17): 40-51. http://noo.rs/zAGFJ. [in Persian]
Diba, Darab. 1999. “Inspiration and understanding of the fundamental concepts of Iranian architecture”. Architecture and Culture 1(1): 45-61. [in Persian]
Dorri, Ali, and Gholamreza Talischi. 2017. “Explaining the Transparency of the Spatial Structure of Iranian Architecture in the Safavid era”. Journal of Studies On Iranian - Islamic City 7(27): 41-50. https://www.magiran.com/p1745945. [in Persian]
Gharebagloo, Minoo, and Yahya Jamali. 2022. “Investigating the extent and manner of observing privacy in architecture and urban planning from the perspective of Shiite Islamic jurisprudence (Case study: Khan neighborhood of Yazd)”. Studies in Islamic jurisprudence and fundamentals of law 15(44): 95-124. https://doi.org/10.22034/fvh.2021.10008.1315. [in Persian]
Gholami Rostam, Nasim, MohammadReza Bemanian, and Mojtaba Ansar. 2015. “Gestalt in Designing Plan of Iranian Garden”. Scientific Quarterly Journal Glory of Art 7(13): 63-72. https://doi.org/10.22051/jjh.2015.1937. [in Persian]
Goodarzi, Morteza. 2009. The Mirror of imagination: A Study and Analysis of Architectural Decoration of the Qajar Period. Tehran: Sureh Mehr. [in Persian]
Hakim, Besim Selim Arabic. 2011. Islamic cities: Principles of Urban Planning and Construction. Translated by: Aref Aqomi Moghadam, Mohammad Hossein MalekAhmadi. Tehran: Culture and Islamic Guidance (Printing and Publishing).
Hashemi Toghroljerdi, Seyyed Majid, Maziar Asefi, and Mozafar Mohajeri. 2017. Extensibility of Man-made Space by Innovation about Space opening in Kerman Traditional House. Researches in Islamic Architecture 5(14): 4-20. http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-691-fa.html. [in Persian]
Hashemi Zarajabad, Hassan, Ali Zarei, and Abed Taqvi. 2014. “Introversion and Reflection of the Principle Of Privacy in Iranian- Islamic Architecture”. Research paper on Greater Khorasan 5(17). https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_137735.html. [in Persian]
Hayaty, Hamed, Ahmad Aminpour, and Ramin Madan. 2017. “The Effect of the Principle of Women’s Privacy on The Architecture Of Iranian Houses, Based On Islamic Teachings”. Journal of Woman Cultural Psychology 8(32): 47-61. https://journals.iau.ir/article_534495.html?lang=en. [in Persian]
Heidari, Aliakbar, Yaghub Peyvastegar, Sara Mohebinejad, and Maryam Kiyaee. 2019. “Evaluation the Methods of Confidentiality in Three Peymoon of Large, Small and Breakin the Articulation of Iranian-Islamic Housing Using Space Syntax Techniques”. Scientific Journal of Maremat & Me’mari-e Iran (quarterly) 8(16): 51-68. http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-467-fa.html. [in Persian]
Karimian, Hassan, and Abasali Ahmadi. 2017. “Typology of Rural Home Decorations of Esfahan in Qajarid Era”. Negareh Journal 12(41): 67-79. https://doi.org/10.22070/negareh.2017.487.[in Persian]
Keynejad, Mohammad Ali, and Mohammad Reza Shirazi. 2010. Old houses of Tabriz. Tabriz University of Islamic Art. [in Persian]
Kulaini, Muhammad ibn Yaqub. 1986. Sufficient Principles. Translated by: Seyyed Javad Mostafavi. Tehran: Islamic. [in Persian]
Madhoushian Nejad, Mohammad, Mohammad Ali Haddadian, and Mahdi Razani. 2018. “ A Comparative Study of Mural Paintings in the Main Halls of Qavam-ol-Dowlah House in Tehran and Houses of Hariri in Tabriz”. Journal of Islamic Crafts 2(1): 36-51. http://jih-tabriziau.ir/article-1-21-fa.html. [in Persian]
Makinejad, Mehdi. 2017. History of Iranian Art in the Islamic Period: Architectural Decorations. Tehran. Samt. [in Persian]
Masali, Sedighe. 2009. “ Hidden Plan the Consequence of Religious beliefs in Traditional Desert House of Iran ”. Fine Arts Journal 37(0). https://www.magiran.com/p609443. [in Persian]
Mirmiran, Hadi.1998. A journey from matter to spirit. Architecture and Urban Planning. [in Persian]
Moomeni, Korush. 2018. “ The Comparison between the Transparency Principle in the Form and Design of Safavid and Qajar Homes in Isfahan”. Islamic Architecture 6(1): 22-42. [in Persian]
Momeni, Kourosh, and Neda Naseri. 2015. “Examining the tools and methods of creating privacy in the house of Zeinat al-Molk, Shiraz, in accordance with Islamic verses and narrations”. Islamic Architecture Research 3(4): 18-35. https://sid.ir/paper/248364/fa. [in Persian]
Momeni, Kourosh, Koroosh Attarian, Mohammad Didehban, and Maryam Vesal. 2019. “Privacy in Architecture of Dezful Houses (Case Study: Qajar Era)”. Scientific Quarrterly journal of Art Glory 10(2): 79-92. https://doi.org/10.22051/jjh.2017.8722.1173. [in Persian]
Nemat Gorgani, Umm Al-Baneen. 2002. “The Background of Light in Architecture and Lighting Devices in Islamic Art of Iran”. Athar 24(35): 316-323. http://journal.richt.ir/athar/article-1-267-fa.html. [in Persian]
Noghrekar, Abdolhamid. 2009. An Introduction to Islamic Identity in Architecture. Tehran: Payam Sima Design and Publishing Company. [in Persian]
Noghrekar, Abdulhamid. 2014. Human Perceptual Interaction with Spatial-Geometric Ideas in Architecture. Tehran: Amir Kabir. [in Persian]
Pourjafar, Mohammad Reza, and Maryam Alavi. 2012. “Compatibility or Incompatibility Criteria of Visual Environment with Humans Eye Mechanism According to Achievements of Videoecology”. Journal of Iranian Architecture and urbanism (4): 5-18.
Saadat, Davud, Iraj Etesam, Mostafa Mokhtabad Amrai, and Mohammad Javad Mahdavinejad. 2017. “ Explain Concept of Transparency in Terms of Modern, Postmodern and Evaluating that in Islamic Iranian Architecture”. Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture 5(2): 75-90. http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-766-fa.html. [in Persian]
Salimi Moayed, Salim. 2020. Architecture and culture of indigenous settlement in the city of Bahar- Part Two (Inner courtyard, backyard and their components). Athar 40(4): 265-283. https://journal.richt.ir/article-2-508-fa.html. [in persian]
Saussure, Ferdinando. 1999. General linguistics lessons. Tranaslated by Nazila Khalkhali. Tehran: Farzan rooz. [in Persian]
Sarrafzadeh, Ahmad, Mohammad Didehban, and Behzad Vasigh. 2020. “ Classification and functional roots of the Geometric patterns in the ornaments of traditional houses in Dezful based on Vikor method”. Soffeh 30(88): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.29252/soffeh.30.1.27. [in Persian]
Seyfiyan, Mohammad Kazaem, and Mohammad Reza Mahmoodi. 2007. “Privacy in Traditional Architecture of Iran”. Hoviateshahr 1(1): 3-14. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17359562.1386.1.1.1.3. [in Persian]
Zomarshidi, Hossein, and Ali Sadeghi Habibabad. 2018. “Brick and Art of Brickwork since Ancient times to Now”. Journal of Studies On Iranian - Islamic City 9(33): 5-18. https://www.magiran.com/p1949571. [in Persian]