گونه‌شناسی خانه‌‌های تاریخی شهر تفت از دوران صفوی تا اوایل پهلوی

دهقانی تفتی, محسن

doi:10.22034/aaud.2026.552899.3002

گونه‌شناسی خانه‌‌های تاریخی شهر تفت از دوران صفوی تا اوایل پهلوی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

محسن دهقانی تفتی

استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

10.22034/aaud.2026.552899.3002

چکیده

معماری محلی به‌جای مانده در شهرها و آبادی‌‌های مختلف، بخشی از هویت سرزمینی ویژه هر مکان را شکل می‌‌دهد. علی‌رغم تلاش‌‌های زیادی که در سال‌‌های اخیر در معرفی و تحلیل این دسته از بناها شده، همچنان دانش ما از الگوهای معماری مناطق مختلف، مبانی و مبنای شکل‌‌گیری آن‌‌ها محدود است. این مقاله، با هدف شناخت و تحلیل الگوهای معماری خانه‌‌های بومی در شهر تفت، به عنوان یک آبادی باغ- محله‌‌ای در حاشیه کویر یزد، شکل گرفت. رویکرد روش‌‌شناسی پژوهش، کیفی و از نوع گونه‌‌شناسی است. در این مسیر، بر پایه‌‌‌‌ تعریفی مشخص از گونه و روند گونه‌‌شناسی، بیش از یک‌صد خانه اصیل تاریخی شهر تفت، مستندنگاری و مورد تحلیل گونه‌‌شناسانه واقع شدند. خانه‌‌های تاریخی تفت بر مبنای شِما یا تصویر کلی که توسط اندام‌‌های کالبدی و آرایش فضایی از خود ارائه دادند، در چهار گونه تالاردار، شکم‌‌دریده، صفه‌‌دار و کوشکی بازشناسی و نحوه انتخاب و تنظیم‌‌گری آن‌‌ها توسط معماران در موقعیت‌‌های مختلف تبیین شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌‌دهد؛ در یک مکان، عوامل متعدد محیطی، فرهنگی، اجتماعی و معیشتی به صورت همگن در پیدایش، رشد و تغییر گونه‌‌های معماری محلی و به‌‌کارگیری ‌‌آن‌‌ها در موقعیت‌‌های مختلف نقش داشته‌‌اند. همچنین در برخی مواقع امکان ورود یکباره گونه‌‌های مسافر و ناآشنا با یک محیط نیز بوده است. گونه‌‌های مسافر با قرارگیری در اتمسفر آن مکان و با تجربه ساختی که معماران از گونه‌‌های دیگر داشتند، مورد اصلاح و تغییر در دو سطح "ساده یا مقدماتی" و "ثانویه و پیچیده" واقع می‌‌شدند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

گونه‌‌شناسی

الگوی ساخت معماری

شهر تفت یزد

خانه‌‌های تاریخی تفت

عنوان مقاله English

Typology of Historic Houses in the City of Taft from the Safavid Era to the Early Pahlavi Period

نویسنده English

Mohsen Dehghani Tafti

Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Iran University of Science and Technology

چکیده English

This article aims to explore the historic houses of the city of Taft and extract their architectural patterns. The research method is typology. Field investigations reveal that, at first glance, the historic houses of Taft can be categorized into two main groups: natural–conventional houses and stylistic houses, with this study focusing on the latter. Within this category, based on the overall scheme or image conveyed by their spatial organization and physical elements, four distinct types were identified: Talardār (hall-based), Shekam-darideh, Soffeh-dār, and Kushki.
The Talardār houses derive their identity from a central Talar (hall) located on the main axis of the house, representing the prevalent and customary construction pattern in Taft. Due to their spatial flexibility, these houses allowed architects considerable freedom in design and were adaptable to various sites and situations. In the Soffeh-dār and Shekam-derideh types, the central iwan or the recessed structure is symmetrically located on the main façade, governed by a distinct structural order. These two types were less common in Taft and typically associated with more affluent residences. The Kushki type, on the other hand, was characterized by an extroverted layout, designed at the center of large gardens, with a central Howz-khaneh (pool house) forming the axis of symmetry.
In conclusion, the results of this study confirm that diverse cultural, environmental, and social factors collectively influenced the emergence of local architectural types and their application across different contexts. Furthermore, alongside indigenous building traditions, “migrant types” also found their way into Taft. Upon their introduction, these migrant types underwent two levels of adaptation—basic and preliminary changes, as well as more complex secondary modifications—to harmonize with the people and natural environment of the region.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

'Typology'

'Architectural patterns'

'Taft (Yazd)'

'Historic houses of Taft'

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