نقش طراحی‌‌ شهری بر سلامت روان: تبیین چارچوب مفهومی رابطه کیفیت‌‌های محیط شهری و سلامت روان ساکنان شهر با تأکید بر افسردگی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای طراحی‌‌شهری، دانشکده معماری ‌‌و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

2 استاد گروه طراحی‌‌شهری، دانشکده معماری ‌‌و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی، تهران، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه طراحی‌‌شهری، دانشکده معماری ‌‌و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

شهر به عنوان محل سکونت، کار، تفریح و ارتباطات، تأثیر به‌سزایی بر سلامت و عدم سلامت روان شهروندان دارد. امروزه، رشد و گسترش شهر و شهرنشینی، زمینه وسیعی از عوامل تهدیدکننده سلامت روان را به ویژه در کشورهای در حال ‌توسعه ایجاد نموده است، چنان که اختلالات روانی یکی از بیماری‌های رایج در شهرها و افسردگی شایع‌ترین آن‌هاست. با این وجود، اکثر مطالعات، بر سلامت جسمی متمرکز شده‌ا‌‌‌ند و کم‌تر به تأثیرات روانی محیط‌های شهری پرداخته‌اند. اندک مطالعات موجود نیز با تأکید بر جنبه‌های کمی، کم‌تر به ویژگی‌های کیفی محیط توجه داشته‌اند. لذا، هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل و بررسی ارتباط کیفیت‌‌های محیط شهری و سلامت روان با تأکید بر رایج‌ترین اختلال روانی؛ یعنی افسردگی، و تدوین چارچوب مفهومی معرف این رابطه در حوزه طراحی شهری است. پژوهش، مروری، و از نوع کیفی می‌باشد. داده‌ها از طریق مطالعه اسنادی متون معتبر علمی گردآوری شده و به ‌منظور شناسایی کیفیت‌های محیطی و چگونگی تأثیر آن‌ها، از تحلیل محتوای کیفی متون استفاده شده است. نتایج حاکی از این امر است که کیفیت محیط مصنوع شهر به عنوان یک عامل در سطح میانی با سایر عوامل در سطوح خرد و کلان دارای اثر هم‌افزایی بر سلامت روان شهروندان است و نفوذپذیری، ایمنی، امنیت، غنای حسی، آسایش اقلیمی، زیبایی و اجتماع‌پذیری مهم‌ترین کیفیت‌ها هستند. این کیفیت‌ها، به شکل مستقیم و غیرمستقیم، بر افسردگی و سلامت روان افراد تأثیر می‌‌گذارند که در ارتباط غیرمستقیم، فعالیت بدنی، تعاملات اجتماعی، کیفیت خواب، تاب‌آوری در برابر استرس و خلق‌وخو، عوامل میانجی هستند که تأثیر برخی از کیفیت‌های محیط مصنوع را ممکن و پایدارتر می‌سازند. بنابراین، این شواهد از لزوم ارتقاء کیفیت محیط شهرها برای پیشگیری و درمان افسردگی ساکنان شهرها حمایت می‌کنند و نقش طراحی شهری را به عنوان یک روش خلاقانه و مؤثر برای ارتقاء سلامت روان عموم افراد در معرض محیط تبیین می‌کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of Urban Design on Mental Health: A Proposed Conceptual Framework for the Relationship between Urban Environmental Qualities and Mental Health of City-Dwellers, with an Emphasis on Depression

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Dehghan 1
  • Koroush Golkar 2
  • Pantea Hakimian 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate in Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
2 Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The city, as a place of residence, work, leisure and communication, has a significant impact on the mental health and mental ill-health of citizens. Nowadays, the growth and expansion of the city, urban environment and urbanization have created a wide range of factors threatening mental health, especially in developing countries, Thus, mental disorders are one of the serious and prevalent disease in cities, and depression is the most common of them. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on physical health and less addressed the psychological impacts of urban environments. The few existing studies have also less addressed the qualitative characteristics of the environment with an emphasis on the quantitative aspects. Therefore, the purpose of current study is, first, to analyze and investigate the relationship between the urban environmental qualities and mental health with the emphasis on the most common mental disorder which is depression, and second, to develop a conceptual framework to introduce this relationship in the field of urban design. It is a qualitative review study. The data has been gathered through the documentary study of reliable scientific papers and to identify environmental qualities and their effects, qualitative content analysis has been used. The results indicate that the quality of the urban built environment as a factor at the meso-level with other factors at the micro and macro levels has a synergistic effect on the mental health of city-dwellers, and permeability, safety, security, richness, climate comfort, aesthetics and quality of landscape, and sociability are the most important qualities. These qualities, directly and indirectly, affect the depression and mental health of the individual, so that in indirect relationship, the physical activity, social interactions, sleep quality, resilience to stress, and mood are mediating factors that causes possibility and more sustainability of the impact of some qualities of built environment on mental health. Therefore, this evidence supports the necessity of improvement of urban environment quality to prevent depression of city-dwellers and treat it, and explain the role of urban design as a creative and effective way to promote the mental health of the general public exposed to the environment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Urban Environment
  • Mental Health
  • Depression
  • Urban Design
  • Conceptual Framework

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 22 آذر 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 29 آبان 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 01 آذر 1400

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