معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر

معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر

بازشناسی ابعاد و ویژگی‌های فضای شهری معنویت‌گرا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دکترای شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.
2 دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).
3 دانشیار گروه علوم قرآن و حدیث، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.
4 استاد گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.
10.22034/aaud.2022.343355.2670
چکیده
وجود انسان دارای دو بعد معنوی (روحانی) و مادی (جسمانی) است و باتوجه به این‌که شهرها و فضاهای شهری بستر زندگی انسان هستند، مطالعه و برنامه‌ریزی آینده شهرها مستلزم توجه به هر دو جنبه وجودی انسان اعم از ابعاد کالبدی و اقتصادی و نیز ابعاد روانی و معنوی است. نگاه مادی گرایانه دوران مدرنیسم و عدم توجه کافی به اصول، روش‌ها و آموزه‌های معنوی و اخلاقی در محافل دانشگاهی، توسعه‌های شهری و ساخت فضاهای شهری موجب بحران معنویت در شهرها شده ‌است. چالش شهرهای امروزی این است که چگونه می‌توان ابعاد معنوی و درونی انسان را با شهرسازی و طراحی فضای شهری پیوند داد و بر کیفیت ادراک و تجربه انسان از فضای شهری تأثیر گذاشت. این پژوهش با هدف شناخت ابعاد و ویژگی‌های فضای شهری معنوی و بررسی نقش معنویت در ساخت فضای شهری انجام شده است. در بخش مطالعه ادبیات موضوع، از روش مرور سیستماتیک در پایگاه اسکوپوس بر اساس جستجوی دو واژه «فضای شهری» و «معنویت» و روش گلوله برفی برای شناسایی تحقیقات مرتبط با موضوع معنویت بهره گرفته است. در راستای تدقیق چارچوب نظری و ترسیم مدل مفهومی، با 51 نفر از اساتید رشته‌های شهرسازی، معماری، جامعه‌شناسی، علوم قرآن و حدیث، روان‌شناسی و فلسفه بر اساس روش دلفی مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختار یافته، و با 21 نفر از شهروندان (بر اساس دستیابی به اشباع داده) مصاحبه عمیق انجام شده‌ است. در نهایت منابع و مصاحبه‌ها با روش تحلیل مضمون، تحلیل و شبکه مضامین استخراج شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد فضای شهری معنوی در زمینه‌ای مبتنی بر باورهای دینی یا غیردینی شکل می‌گیرد (زمینه پیشینی) و سازنده هویت اجتماعی و فرهنگی آن شهر و زمینه‌ساز ایجاد فضای شهری معنوی است که در بعد کارکردی دارای یکی از مولفه‌ها شامل کاربری‌های مقدس و هویتمند، راه‌ها و مسیرهای مقدس؛ در بعد کالبدی معماری هویتمند یا مقدس، مصالح، رنگ‌ها و هنر عمومی معنادار؛ در بعد ادراکی نمادها و نشانه‌های فرهنگی اجتماعی مذهبی، منظر صوتی مقدس و معنادار، رنگ تعلق اجتماعات به فضاهای شهری؛ در بعد بصری منظر فرهنگی، منظر مقدس، منظر سبز، حس شکوه، تقدس، وحدت و تواضع؛ در بعد اجتماعی و فرهنگی، هویت فرهنگی و رویدادهای مختلف فرهنگی مذهبی و اجتماعی خاص در یک جامعه چندفرهنگی منسجم؛ در ابعاد طبیعی، هویت زیست‌محیطی و طبیعی، عناصر طبیعی؛ و در بعد زمان، کاربری‌های مذهبی فرهنگی زمان‌مند و حس زمان در بافت‌های کهن و تاریخی است. تجربه و ادراک فضاهای شهری معنوی بر افراد تأثیرات مختلفی دارد( اثرات پسینی) که شامل ارتباط مطلوب با خدا، خود، طبیعت و دیگران است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Recognizing Dimensions and Characteristics of Spiritual Urban Space

نویسندگان English

Elham Ghasemi 1
Seyed Mahdi Khatami 2
Mahdi Motia 3
Mohammadreza Pourjafar 4
1 Ph.D. of Urbanism, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department of Urban Design and Urban planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department of Urban Design and Urban planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Associate Professor of Quran and Hadith Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
4 Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department of Urban Design and Urban planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Human existence includes two spiritual (immaterial) and material (physical) aspects, and since cities and urban spaces are living areas for humans, planning, and studying cities’ future requires paying attention to both existential aspects of humans, including physical and economic dimensions, as well as mental and spiritual aspects. The materialistic perspective of modernism and insufficient attention to the spiritual and ethical principles, methods, and teachings in academic associations, urban developments, and construction of urban spaces have resulted in a spiritual crisis in the cities. The challenge of modern cities is how to link the spiritual and inner dimensions of humans to the urban planning and design of urban space and influence the quality of human perception and experience of urban space. This study aims to identify the dimensions and characteristics of spiritual urban spaces and examine the role of spirituality in the construction of urban spaces. In the literature review section, a systematic review through the Scopus Database has been done by searching two terms “urban space” and “spirituality” and the snowball technique is adopted to identify the studies related to the spirituality topic. To scrutinize the theoretical framework and formulate the conceptual model, a semi-structured interview was done with 51 professors in urban planning, architecture, sociology, Quran and Hadith sciences, psychology, and philosophy disciplines based on the Delphi Technique. Moreover, in-depth interviews were done with 21 citizens (based on data saturation). Ultimately, references and interviews are analyzed based on the thematic analysis, and a network of themes is extracted. The results show that spiritual urban space appears in a platform based on religious and non-religious beliefs (background), which creates the social and cultural identity of that city providing the field for the advent of spiritual urban space. This space provides some dimensions that each consists of some components as follows: a functional dimension that includes one of the components of sacred and identity-based uses and sacred ways and routes. The sacred or identity-based physical architectural dimension includes meaningful materials, colors, and public art. The perceptual dimension consists of cultural, social, and religious signs and symbols, sacred and meaningful soundscapes, and communities belonging to urban spaces. Visual dimension includes cultural landscape, green landscape, sense of glory, sanctity, unity, and humility. Social and cultural dimensions include cultural identity and various specific cultural, religious, and social events in a coherent multicultural society. The natural dimension consists of environmental and natural identity and natural elements, and the time (temporal) dimension includes timely social and cultural uses and events, and sense of time in historical contexts. Experience and perception of spiritual urban spaces have different influences on individuals (subsequent effects), which include desirable relationships with God, self, nature, and others (society).

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Spirituality
Spiritual Urban Space
Spiritual City
Spiritual Environment
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دوره 16، شماره 45
زمستان 1402
صفحه 73-93

  • تاریخ دریافت 31 اردیبهشت 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش 24 تیر 1401